Urbex, or Urban Exploring, is the exploration of abandoned and non-public urban locations.

Understand

Urbex is most commonly understood as the exploration of parts of cities that no-one visits, be it abandoned buildings, steam tunnels, metro systems, or even dangerous underground locations such as sewers. Infiltration, which involves exploring used/inhabited (but not necessarily public) areas, is often lumped in with urbex, but it tends to attract a different crowd. Virtually any building can be an infiltration "destination", but the most popular are architecturally interesting commercial buildings, industrial sites and hotels.

Whilst urbex has gained a notorious reputation of being illegal (such as requiring by definition trespassing), the bulk of exploration happens in places no-one cares about (which explains both their abandonment and/or the fact that no-one bothered to lock them up or even post a no trespassing sign). Although some urban exploration does indeed occur in areas that are legally off-limits, few "practitioners" would ever recommend that you do this.

However, many individuals and organizations involved in the genuine research, documentation and recording of older (and abandoned) buildings, works and infrastructure strongly advocate against "casual" urbex, preferring that those who are interested join specialist organizations that have built up appropriate access procedures and goodwill with site owners.

Novelty, thrill seeking, boredom, and photography are the main reasons urbex expeditions occur. Urbex opens up a whole new field of sightseeing, and makes for good stories. Many explorers find the forgotten, abandoned, and otherwise undiscovered places to have a certain beauty not to be found elsewhere—hence the popularity with photographers and fans of architecture. Infiltration is popular too for thrill seeking, but is more valued for aesthetic and other pleasures that would otherwise be off-limits. Visitors to ghost towns and abandoned structures inevitably wonder what these places must have been like in their heyday.

Especially in big cities, evacuated buildings get scheduled for demolition. These might draw interest, especially by photographers, for a last chance to see them standing.

Regions

Urbex sites exist almost anywhere in the world. However, as a general rule, the interesting nature of a site will be based on a few key factors:

• Age of local modern culture - A recently modernised country such as Australia for example is naturally going to be lacking in ancient catacombs.
• History - A country with a turbulent past may have military ruins, a country in the former Soviet bloc may have communist factories, economic strife coupled with lax zoning regulations may give rise to abandoned hotels. Urbex is as much about delving into the past as it is exploring the present.
• Natural biomes - The nature of the local plant life. A region hospitable towards vines, creepers and weeds may make for a more atmospheric explore than a desert... but not always.

Oceania

Australia

• Strict urban planning (urban zoning) regulations and exponential urban sprawl throughout the country's entire modern history has left Australian abandonments somewhat scarce, but not completely absent. Do not expect to stumble upon any long-lost historic sites however, as some states have a reputation for perhaps overuse of historical preservation laws: quite willing to even list an entire building as state or national protected (and thus maintained) on account of a single chimney.
• Draining, the somewhat dangerous exploration of public works is rather popular on the east coast.
• While the number of relics of the Sydney Monorail, a monorail than ran within Sydney CBD before its demolition in 2013 is few, One Dixon Street Shopping Centre in Chinatown is a rare case where much of the old monorail has been untouched. It mostly lies abandoned today, with the few that dare to creep getting an insight of what Sydney looked like in the late 1990s and 2000s.

Europe

The Cold War from 1945 to 1991 left behind military installations, bomb shelters and a partly fortified border called the Iron Curtain.

Armenia

• Orkov Telescope — abandoned Soviet-era radio telescope.

Germany

• Prora — at the Baltic Sea coast lies Hitler's beach resort for 20,000 guests which was completed but never put to use.

Hungary

• Kelenföld Power Plant — one of the most popular urbex destinations. An amazing power plant erected at the beginning of the 20th century has a control room with art deco roof. Each urban explorer dream about having photos from this place.
• Red Star Train Graveyard — located on the Hungarian railway area train graveyard is a popular goal for the train lovers. You can find here locomotives from the communist era. The most spectacular object of this place is a Red Star Train with The Magyar Államvasutak (MÁV) Steam Locomotive. The landmark is equipped with MÁV-424. Red Star Train is called “The Buffalo” and it has two chimneys and a 2′D axle layout (4-8-0 in Whyte notation).

Romania

• Exploring abandoned communist-era factories in Iaşi

Asia

Japan

Urbex in Japan: entrance gate of a former amusement park

• Referred to locally as haikyo (廃墟), one can explore mostly abandoned 80s-90s bubble-era service industry facilities (mostly hotels), plus the odd wartime relic (coastal military burrows). Due to the high levels of respect in Japanese culture plus a cultural regard for beauty in decay, the community is a bit more open in Japan, but do not abuse this privilege. Japanese urbex has some crossovers with cosplay. The best place to start is a bookshop, as sufficient books are available to give them a dedicated shelf in the larger Shinjuku shops. Books typically provide useful details for a site slated for future demolition, some location hints for a regular site and sometimes nothing on fragile or historically significant sites.　haikyo.org is a great bilingual source for urbex in Japan.

South Korea

• Local sites predominantly are recently abandoned. What sets South Korea apart are the high numbers of entire abandoned neighbourhoods. Modern Korean urban geography consists of many skyscraper apartment block communities which contrast sharply with the former small low-rise neighbourhoods of 2-storey concrete houses and alleyway-sized streets. As such, urbex sites pop up and vanish regularly as the chaebol companies slowly buy up entire suburbs in preparation for urban renewal. Despite once being famed for the "rotting theme parks of East Asia", the vast majority of these have in fact been utterly levelled in the name of rapid progress. In contrast to South Korea's neighbours, urbex is not seen favourably by residents.

North America

United States of America

The decline of public transportation since the 1950s, and the decline of heavy manufacturing since the 1970s have left many American cities with lots of abandoned infrastructure dating back to those eras, particularly in what is today called the "Rust Belt", comprising most of the Midwest and parts of the Mid-Atlantic region.

• Gary, Indiana
• Buffalo
• Detroit
• Pittsburgh
• Chicago
• Los Angeles
• New York City — One of the former great industrial cities, remnants of old streetcar depots, factories and piers can be found around the city. Perhaps the most famous urbex destinations are the old Domino Sugar Refinery in Brooklyn and the former smallpox hospital on Roosevelt Island.

Respect

As abandoned sites, by their nature, are not kept up by anyone, it is essential that an urbexer leave them as they are found for the next visitor to prevent a slow but steady decay. That means:

• Do not remove anything from the site.
• Do not move things needlessly. If something is moved for a photo, move it back before departing.
• Do not leave windows open or doors ajar where this could expose the site to the elements, causing further damage.
• Do not litter.
• Removing even moss from a wall or weeds, vines and creepers is frowned upon as this can negatively impact a future photo shoot.

Some sites, whose locations often but not always remain a closely guarded secret, are contenders for future historical preservation, or in a few odd cases even potential UNESCO World Heritage rating. Archaeological sites often omit specific location from their public entries on historic registers to prevent the historical record from being damaged or destroyed.

If you are exploring an abandoned business or theme park, then a single business card or flyer (in cases only when there is an entire room full of them: more common than you'd think) is sometimes deemed an exception to this rule by specific urbexer enclaves, but not by the broader community as it can constitute theft. Plus, for a popular site, that room full of discarded cards—a bizarre sight in itself -- can whittle down very rapidly.

This is largely the reason why giving out maps and directions to a site in public is taboo within the community. Unless the experienced urbexer has been able to meet, talk to, and sufficiently understand the potential recipient of information, there is no way to ensure that they are not a vandal or treasure hunter. It only takes a single undignified urbexer to at best, ruin a site, at worst, erase a piece of history.

For photographers annotating photographs, in keeping with this guideline, the norm is to just state the name (often an exonym) for the site and details down to country or sometimes state/province/prefecture level. For sites of extraordinary historical value or fragility, and little fame, no detail apart from an exonym is the norm.

Take only photographs, leave only footprints, and avoid the latter if you can.

Stay safe

Urbex

Some facilities may have residual dangers after abandonment.

This symbol indicates the presence of squatters in a location.

Safety is or should be the number one preoccupation of any exploration. Urbex trips are often fraught with danger. Abandoned buildings or entire ghost towns are abandoned for a reason. Decrepit floors and stairs might collapse under your weight, a brush against rusty metal could give you tetanus, you might run into a gang that's been playing around in the place, encounters with wild animals, etc. Another risk in old buildings is the use (or disturbance) of materials whose use is for good reason no longer allowed, asbestos and lead (in paint) being two specific examples. On the upside, law enforcement is unlikely to care too much about your being there. At worst you would probably get a fine, and be allowed to walk out on your own.

Underground urbex suffers from several physical threats—again, crumbling infrastructure can be your enemy, as well as resident weirdos and animals, but there are extra dangers from steam vents, electricity, flash floods, and poisonous gases. Make sure you know what you are doing. Abandoned mines are a particularly dangerous maze of cramped, dark tunnels with sections submerged in water and vertical shafts dropping 60 metres or more. Rock may be crumbling; wooden structures which once supported the tunnels may be rotting. Cave-ins, falls, contaminated mine water and poisonous gas are hazards.

Danger from law enforcement has increased exponentially in the United States and several other countries following major terrorist attacks. If you are found on camera to be sneaking around subway tunnels, you may find yourself arrested on suspicion of terrorist activity: that's far worse than a fine for trespassing!

A good place to check for legal dangers is to review details of your intended country's freedom to wander.

There are universally recommended steps to keep yourself safe while exploring, and you would be a fool not to follow them. Don't ever do this alone. Make sure that someone else knows what you are doing, and plan to check in with them at set times. Bring a phone, light source with multiple batteries, hard hat if appropriate, heavy duty boots, and some water and food. If trying something new, do research first either on the chosen site, or at least on the type of site... and lastly, if it rains, no drains!

Infiltration

Just because a facility isn't in active use doesn't mean it won't be monitored.

Wandering around non-public or otherwise off-limits area of otherwise inhabited sites or buildings (without authorization or consent) may entail far less physical danger, but an exponentially increased chance of discovery and trouble with law enforcement, site operators or other authorities.

Government buildings, airports, sea-ports, as well as rail and transit infrastructure (examples being tracks, depots, rail-yards, plant rooms and car-sheds), are exceptionally paranoid due to ongoing threats from terrorism. You will end up in jail (potentially for an extended period) if discovered. In some countries and even some specific sites, it is worth considering individual staff, law enforcement, and "security" can be very direct in ensuring the integrity of their sites.

Industrial sites have also become quite paranoid.

Staff and "security" can also be somewhat direct in respect of hotels and commercial buildings, even if the concerns are motivated by more concerns about potential criminal intent, than ongoing terrorism concerns. Whilst many may respond with a demand to leave the building or a request to pay a fine, others will have no hesitation in calling law enforcement.

Even in heavy-traffic areas which are clearly open to the public (such as banks and subway/metro stations), you may be challenged if you attempt to take photographs, or make notes about certain things.

Abandoned buildings might be claimed by squatters, homeless people and even criminals, who see explorers as intruders.

Read

Access All Areas - Ninjalicious, the widely-accepted "definitive" guidebook to urbex, including sections on theory, technique, safety and ethics.