Turkish (Türkçe) is the most widely-spoken of the Turkic languages and is the official language of the Republic of Turkey and the co-official language of Cyprus but is only spoken and useful in Turkish speaking Northern Cyprus. It is also a recognized minority language in Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Romania. Its closest living relatives are other Turkic languages, which are spoken in southwestern, central and northern Asia; and to a lesser degree in southeastern Europe (the Balkans). Outside of Turkey itself, knowledge of Turkish is helpful in several neighbouring countries particularly in the Balkan countries of Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria where there are significant Turkish communities, and to a lesser extent in Azerbaijan, where it is to an extent mutually intelligible with Azerbaijani. It is also spoken by a significant minority in Germany, which has a large Turkish immigrant community. While the Central Asian "stans" speak Turkic languages, the similarities between Kazakh and Turkish (for example) are only very rudimentary. Turkish is considered a difficult language for English speakers to learn and speak, due to its complicated, mathematical vowel-harmonied grammar.

Grammar

Woman speaking Turkish

Turkish grammar and sentence structures as well as vocabulary differ completely from Indo-European languages like English and Farsi and Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew and indeed from many other languages. There are no articles, genders, or declensions. Unlike many languages, Turkish forms words by a process known as "agglutination", where prefixes and suffixes are attached to words to mark different parts of speech and so on. Thus, an English phrase such as "I am an Australian" is rendered in Turkish with the one word "Avustralyalıyım - Avustralya-lı-y-ım" (Australia-n-I'm). Turkish uses postpositions instead of prepositions. Thus, an English phrase such as "in Turkey" is rendered in Turkish as "Türkiye'de - Türkiye-de" (Turkey - in).

In Turkish there are two ways of addressing people - informal and polite, like in German, French or Russian. Turkish has two "you" verb forms which denote the relationship the speaker has to someone else. For formal address the plural form of second person "siz" should be used, while for informal address the singular form of the second person "sen" is used.

Pronunciation guide

Turkish pronunciation looks daunting to non-native speakers, as many of the words are very long and look like tongue-twisters. With a bit of practice, however, it becomes much easier. The spelling of Turkish is phonetic, so once knowing the pronunciation of each letter the reading should not be a problem, since all words are pronounced exactly how they are written. However Turkish has some vowel sounds that are not known in many other languages, so they can be hard to learn.

Vowels

The harmony of vowels Turkish has an unusual feature called vowel harmony: words contain either front vowels (e, i, ö, ü) or back vowels (a, ı, o, u), but not both at the same time, unless it's a compound or loanword. This extends to conjugations, so it's Türkiye'de for "in Turkey" but Almanya'da for "in Germany".

The Turkish vowels are

• A - a short sound, as in the English father
• E - a short sound, as in the English pet
• İ - the sound in the English meet and at the beginning of İstanbul (ees-tan-bul)
• I - the short "schwa" vowel. This vowel exists in English although there is no specific letter for it. It is the 'i' in pencil and the 'e' in taken.
• O - as in the English order
• Ö - pronounced as in German, a blend of "o" and "e", with lips rounded.
• U - short as in the English put
• Ü - pronounced as in German, make a sound like "ee", but round your lips like you are going to say "oo"

Remember that, in lower case, the two letters İ and I look different as well. The lower case form of İ is i, while the lower case form of I is ı.

Consonants

• B - as in bed
• C - equivalent to J, as in the English jump.
• Ç - the "ch" sound in the English chapel
• D - as in drum
• F - as in far
• G - as in girl
• Ğ - a silent letter which serves to lengthen the previous vowel at the end of a word or between identical vowels, a very slight form of y (with the tongue in a lower position) elsewhere
• H - as in hello
• J - the soft (or "French") G sound in words such as visage and menagerie.
• K - as in king
• L - as in love
• M - as in man
• N - as in new
• P - as in print
• R - a tricky consonant in Turkish, most often rolled very lightly
• S - as in snake
• Ş - the "sh" sound in the English shake
• T - as in take
• V - roughly the mid-point between the "v" in very and the "w" in was
• Y - as in yet
• Z - as in zoo

Phrase list

Common signs AÇIK Open KAPALI Closed GİRİŞ Entrance ÇIKIŞ Exit İTİNİZ Push ÇEKİNİZ Pull TUVALET / WC Toilet BAY Men BAYAN Women YASAK / YASAKTIR Forbidden

Basics

Hello.

Merhaba. (mehr hah bah)

Hello. (informal)

Selam. (sell um)

How are you? (polite/plural)

Nasılsınız? (na suhl suhn uhz)

How are you? (informal singular)

Nasılsın? (na suhl suhn)

What's up / How're you doing? (very informal, contraction of "Ne haber?", literally meaning "What is new?")

N'aber? (na berr)

Fine, thank you.

İyiyim, teşekkürler. (literally I'm fine, thank you) (ee yee yeem teh shek ür lerr)

What is your name? (polite)

Adınız nedir? (ad uhn uhz ne deer)

What is your name? (informal singular)

Adın ne? (ad uhn ne)

My name is ______ .

Adım _______ . (Ad uhm _____ .) Benim adım ______ . (Benn im ad uhm _____ .)

Nice to meet you.

Memnun oldum. (mem noon oll doom)

Please.

Lütfen. (you don't need to use this word to be polite: it is for emphasis such as pleading or commanding and is much less used than "please" in English) (Luet fen)

Thank you.

Teşekkür ederim. (teh shek uer eh der eem)

You're welcome.

Bir şey değil. (bir shey de yeel)

Is/are there (any/some) ____?

____ var mı? (var muh?)

There isn't any

Yok (yock) usually said with a upward movement of chin and eyebrows

Yes.

Evet. (eh vet)

No.

Hayır. (Hah yuhr)

Excuse me. (getting attention) (polite)

Bakar mısınız? (bah kar muh suh nuhz)

Excuse me. (begging pardon)

Afedersiniz. (af fair dair sin niz)

I'm sorry.

Özür dilerim. (Ö zuer di lay reem)

I'm sorry.

Pardon. (Par don)

Goodbye (polite/plural, used by the person leaving)

Hoşçakalın. (Hosh cha kaluhn)

Goodbye (informal/singular, used by the person leaving)

Hoşçakal. (Hosh cha kal)

Goodbye (used by the person staying)

Güle güle. (guele guele)

I can't speak Turkish [well].

[İyi] Türkçe konuşamıyorum. ([E yee] Tuerck-che conusha-me-yoor-uhm)

Do you speak English? (polite/plural)

İngilizce biliyor musunuz? (literally, "Do you know English?")

Is there someone here who speaks English?

Burada İngilizce konuşan birisi var mı? (boor-a-duh Eengleez jay kow noo shun bee ree seh wurrm?)

Look out!

Dikkat! (Dick kaht!)

Good morning.

Günaydın. (Guen eye duhn)

Good afternoon. (very seldom used, if ever)

Tünaydın. (Tuen eye duhn)

Good day. (common greeting throughout the day)

İyi günler. (e yee guen ler)

Good evening.

İyi akşamlar. (e yee ak sham lar)

Good night.

İyi geceler. (e yee ge jay ler)

Good night (to sleep)

İyi uykular (e yee yoo ku lar)

Welcome (polite/plural)

Hoşgeldiniz (Hosh gel din iz)

Welcome (informal singular)

Hoşgeldin (Hosh gel din)

I don't understand.

Anlamıyorum (An-la-muh-yoor-uhm), Anlamadım (An la ma duhm)

Where is the toilet?

Tuvalet nerede? (Too va let ner eh de?)

Is there any ...?

... var mı? (var Muh)

Problems

Help!

İmdat! (Im Daht !)

Help!

Yardım Edin! (Yard um ed in)

Accident

kaza (ka za)

Doctor

doktor (dok tor)

Leave me alone.

Beni yalnız bırak. (beh nee yahl nuz bu rahk)

Don't touch me!

Bana dokunma! (bah nah doh koon mah)

I'll call the police.

Polisi arayacağım. (poh lee see ah rah yah jaa uhm)

Police!

Polis! (poh lees)

Stop! Thief!

Dur! Hırsız! (door huhr suhz)

I need your help.

Yardımınıza ihtiyacım var. (yahr duh muh nuh zah eeh tee yah juhm vahr)

It's an emergency.

Acil durum. (ah jeel doo room)

I'm lost.

Kayboldum. (kahy bohl doom)

I lost my bag.

Çantamı kaybettim. (chahn tah muh kahy beht teem)

I lost my wallet.

Cüzdanımı kaybettim. (jooz dah nuh muh kahy beht teem)

I'm sick.

Hastayım. (hahs tah yuhm)

I've been injured.

Yaralandım. (yah rah lahn duhm)

I need a doctor.

Bir doktora ihtiyacım var. (beer dohk toh rah eeh tee yah jum vahr)

Can I use your phone?

Telefonunuzu kullanabilir miyim? (teh leh foh noo noo zoo kool lah nah bee leer mee yeem)

Numbers

Counting words The word tane is often used when counting whole objects: kaç tane?, how many, beş tane, five. For parts of a whole, like slices of cake, you can use parça. So dört tane kek is 4 whole cakes, while dört parça kek is 4 pieces of cake.

1

bir (beer)

2

iki (icki)

3

üç (uech)

4

dört (dirt)

5

beş (besh)

6

altı (altuh)

7

yedi (yedi)

8

sekiz (sekiz)

9

dokuz (dokuz)

10

on (on)

11

on bir (on bir)

12

on iki (on icki)

13

on üç (on uech)

14

on dört (on doert)

15

on beş (on besh)

16

on altı (on altuh)

17

on yedi (on yedi)

18

on sekiz (on sekiz)

19

on dokuz (on dokuz)

20

yirmi (yir mi)

21

yirmi bir(yir mi bir)

22

yirmi iki (yir mi icki)

23

yirmi üç (yir mi uech)

30

otuz (otuz)

40

kırk (kuhrk)

50

elli (elli)

60

altmış (altmuhsh)

70

yetmiş (yet mish)

80

seksen (seksen)

90

doksan (doksan)

100

yüz (yuez)

200

iki yüz (icky yuez)

300

üç yüz (uech yuez)

1000

bin (bin)

2000

iki bin (icky bin)

1,000,000

bir milyon (beer milyon)

1,000,000,000

bir milyar (beer milyar)

1,000,000,000,000

bir trilyon (beer trilyon)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)

_____ numara (numara)

half

buçuk (boo chuook) when after a number like one and a half : bir buçuk; yarım (yah ruhm) for e.g. half a loaf of bread : yarım ekmek

less

az (as)

more

çok (chock)

Time

now

şimdi (shim di)

later

sonra (...)

before

önce (...)

morning

sabah (...)

afternoon

öğleden sonra (...)

evening

akşam (ak sham)

night

gece (ge jay)

Clock time

one o'clock AM

Saat gece 1 (literally "hour is night one")

two o'clock AM

Saat gece 2

six o'clock AM

Saat sabah 6 (literally "hour is morning six")

noon

öğle/öğlen

one o'clock PM

Saat 13/öğleden sonra 1

two o'clock PM

Saat 14/öğleden sonra 2

five o'clock PM

Saat 17/akşam 5 (literally "hour is evening five")

eight o'clock PM

Saat 20/gece 8 (literally "hour is night eight")

midnight

gece yarısı

Please note that when saying giving the time, one would normally only use one to twelve, unless having to make sure there's no doubt as to whether it's past or before noon, in which case the twenty-four hour system or affixes such as "morning", "afternoon", "evening", and "night" are used.

Duration

_____ minute(s)

_____ dakika

_____ hour(s)

_____ saat

_____ day(s)

_____ gün

_____ week(s)

_____ hafta

_____ month(s)

_____ ay

_____ year(s)

_____ yıl

Days (Günler)

Sunday

Pazar (paz ar)

Monday

Pazartesi (paz ar tesi)

Tuesday

Salı (saluh)

Wednesday

Çarşamba (char sham ba)

Thursday

Perşembe (per shem be)

Friday

Cuma (juma)

Saturday

Cumartesi (jumar tesi)

Months

January

Ocak (o jak)

February

Şubat (shu bat)

March

Mart (mart)

April

Nisan (nee sahn)

May

Mayıs (ma yuhs)

June

Haziran (ha zee ran)

July

Temmuz (taem mooz)

August

Ağustos (aa hoos toss)

September

Eylül (aey luehl)

October

Ekim (ae keem)

November

Kasım (kah suhm)

December

Aralık (a ra luhk)

Writing time and date

What's the time?

Saat kaç?

What date is it today?

Bugünün tarihi ne?

It's _____ o'clock.

Saat _____.

Please note that when saying what the clock is, one would normally only use one to twelve, unless having to make sure there's no doubt as to whether it's past or before noon, in which case the twenty-four hour system or affixes such as "morning", "afternoon", "evening", and "night" is used.

Colors

Black

Siyah (see yuh)

White

Beyaz (bei azh)

Yellow

Sarı (saa rıh)

Blue

Mavi (mao vee)

Navy

Lacivert (la jee vert)

Green

Yeşil (yea sheal)

Red

Kırmızı (khır mızı)

Pink

Pembe (pam bhe)

Orange

Turuncu (too roon joo)

Purple

Mor (more)

Brown

Kahverengi (kaah ve rengi)

Transportation

airport

havalimanı (ha-va-li-man-uh)

Bus and train

Which bus?

hangi otobüs (hangee auto boos)

How many kilometers?

kaç kilometre? (kach kilo metreh)

How much is a ticket to _____?

____'a bir bilet kaç para? (___ ah beer bee leht kach pah rah)

One ticket to _____, please.

____'a bir bilet lütfen. (___ ah beer bee leht loot fehn)

Where does this train/bus go?

Bu tren/otobüs nereye gider? (boo tee rehn/oh toh boos neh reh yeh gee dehr)

Where is the train/bus to _____?

____'a giden tren/otobüs nerede? (___ ah gee dehn tee rehn/oh toh boos neh reh deh)

Does this train/bus stop in _____?

Bu tren/otobüs _____'da durur mu? (boo tee rehn/oh toh boos ___ dah doo roor moo)

When does the train/bus for _____ leave?

_____'a giden tren/otobüs ne zaman kalkacak? (___ ah gee dehn tee rehn/oh toh boos neh zaa mahn kaal kah jaak)

When will this train/bus arrive in _____?

Bu tren/otobüs _____'a ne zaman varacak? (boo tee rehn/oh toh boo ___ a neh zaa mahn vaa raa jaak)

Directions

Where?

(place) nerede? (nar edeh)

(direction) nereye? (nar eyeh)

Left

sol (sole)

Right

sağ (saa)

Straight

düz (dooz)

Here

burada (bur ah da)

Forwards

İleri

Backwards

Geri

Above/over _____

_____nın üzerinde

Under(neath) _____

_____nın altında

Adjacent to _____

_____nın yanında

Taxi

Taxi!

Taksi! (tuck see)

Take me to _____, please.

Beni _____'a götürün, lütfen.

How much does it cost to get to _____?

_____'a gitmek kaç para tutar?

Take me there, please.

Beni oraya götürün, lütfen.

I want to get out

inecek var (ine jek var)

Lodging

One person

bir kişi (beer kee shee)

One night

bir gece (beer gay jay)

Hot water

sıcak su (see jak suu)

Breakfast included

kahvaltı dahil (kah val tuh da heel)

Do you have any rooms available?

Hiç boş odanız var mı? (heech bosh au daa naz vaar muh)

Do you have any single rooms available?

Tek kişilik odanız var mı?

How much is a room for one person/two people?

Bir/iki kişilik odalar kaç para?

How much is a room per person?

Kişi başına ne kadar? (kee shee bah shuh nah neh kah dahr)

Does the room come with _____

Odada _____ var mı?

...bedsheets?

...yatak çarşafı

...a bathroom?

...banyo/duş

...a telephone?

...telefon

...a TV?

...televizyon

May I see the room first?

Önce odayı görebilir miyim?

Do you have anything quieter?

Daha sessizi var mı?

...bigger?

...büyüğü?

...cleaner?

...temizi?

...cheaper?

...ucuzu?

OK, I'll take it.

Tamam, alıyorum.

I will stay for _____ night(s).

_____ gece kalacağım.

Can you suggest another hotel?

Başka bir otel önerebilir misiniz?

Do you have a safe?

Kasanız var mı?

...lockers?

...kilidiniz

Is breakfast/supper included?

Kahvaltı/akşam yemeği dahil mi?

What time is breakfast/supper?

Kahvaltı/akşam yemeği ne zaman?

Please clean my room.

Lütfen odamı temizleyin.

Can you wake me at _____?

Beni _____'da uyandırabilir misiniz?

I want to check out.

Çıkış yapıyorum.

Money

Do you accept American/Australian/Canadian dollars?

Amerikan/Avustralya/Kanada doları kabul ediyor musunuz?

Do you accept British pounds?

İngiliz Sterlini kabul ediyor musunuz?

Do you accept credit cards?

Kredi kartı geçerli mi?

Can you change money for me?

Benim için para bozabilir misiniz?

Where can I get money changed?

Dövizimi nerede bozdurabilirim?

What is the exchange rate?

Döviz kuru nedir?

Where is an automatic teller machine (ATM)?

ATM/Bankamatik nerede?

Eating

Waiter! Excuse me!

bakar mısınız? (ba kar mis in izz)

Menu / price list

Menü / fiyat listesi (fee yot lis tesi)

Bill / check

hesap (he sap)

A table for one person/two people, please.

Bir/İki kişilik masa lütfen.

Can I look at the menu, please?

Menüye bakabilir miyim?

Can I look in the kitchen?

Mutfağa bakabilir miyim?

I'm a vegetarian.

Ben vejeteryanım. (BEHN vay zhay tehr yah nuhm), if that doesn't get the point across: Et yemem (EHT yeh mehm), literally "I don't eat meat".

I don't eat pork.

Domuz eti yemem.

I don't eat beef.

Sığır eti yemem.

I only eat kosher food.

Yalnızca koşer yemek yerim

à la carte

à la carte/alakart

breakfast

kahvaltı

Lunch

öğle yemeği (oh lay yem ayee)

supper

akşam yemeği

I want _____.

_____ istiyorum.

I want a dish containing _____.

_____ içeren bir yemek istiyorum.

chicken

tavuk (tah vook)

beef

sığır eti (suh uhr ae tee)

fish

balık (bah luhk)

ham

jambon (zham bohn)

sausage

sosis (soh sees)

cheese

peynir (pay neer)

eggs

yumurta (yoo moor tah)

salad

salata (sah lah tah)

(fresh) vegetables

(taze) sebze ((tah zeh) sehb zeh)

(fresh) fruit

(taze) meyve ((tah zeh) may veh)

bread

ekmek (ehk mehk)

a toastie

tost (tohst)

noodles

şehriye (or noodle -pronounced same as English- when used for a Far-Eastern dish)

rice

pirinç

beans

fasulye

May I have a glass of _____?

Bir bardak _____ alabilir miyim?

May I have a cup of _____?

Bir fincan _____ alabilir miyim?

May I have a bottle of _____?

Bir şişe _____ alabilir miyim?

coffee

kahve (kaahh veh)

tea (drink)

çay (chaay)

juice

meyve suyu (may veh soo yoo)

(bubbly) water

soda (soh dah)

water

su (soo)

beer

bira (bee rah)

red/white wine

kırmızı/beyaz şarap (kuhr muh zuh/beh yaaz shaa raap)

May I have some _____?

Biraz _____ alabilir miyim? (bee raaz ___ ah lah bee leer mee yeem)

salt

tuz (tooz)

black pepper

karabiber (kah rah bee behr)

butter

tereyağı (teh reh yaa uh)

I'm finished.

Bitirdim. (bee teer deem)

It was delicious.

Çok lezizdi. (chok leh zeez dee)

The check, please.

Hesap lütfen. (heh saap loot fehn)

Bars

Do you serve alcohol?

İçki var mı? (ickhi wha mhi)

Is there table service?

Masaya servis var mı?

A beer/two beers, please.

Bir/iki bira, lütfen (beer/icky bhira,luet fen)

A glass of red/white wine, please.

Bir bardak kırmızı/beyaz şarap, lütfen. (beer bar duck khırmizi/bay iz shar up, luet fen )

A pint, please.

Yarım litre, lütfen. (ya ream lit rhe, luet fen) (half litre)

A bottle, please.

Şişe, lütfen. (shishe, luet fen)

whiskey

viski

vodka

votka

rum

rom (rhom)

water

su (sue)

club soda

club soda (no particular Turkish name); in Turkey often the closest commonly available is tonik (TOH nick), tonic water

orange juice

portakal suyu (pore-tuck-al sue you )

Coke

Cola (cola)

One more, please.

Bir tane daha, lütfen. (beer thane dahha, luet fen)

Another round, please.

Birer tane daha, lütfen. (beer-ar thane dahha, luet fen)

When is closing time?

Ne zaman kapatıyorsunuz? ( )

Cheers!

Şerefe! (sherafa)

Shopping

How much (money)?

Fiyatı nedir? (fee YAH tuh NEH deer) (formal), Kaç para? (KACH pah rah) (informal)

Cheap

ucuz (oo juuz)

Expensive

pahalı (pahaluh)

Do you have this in my size?

Bedenime uyanından var mı?

How much is this?

Bunun fiyatı nedir? (BOO noon fee yaht tuh neh deer) (formal), Bu kaç para? (BOO kach pah rah) (informal)

That's too expensive.

Çok pahalı.

expensive

pahalı

cheap

ucuz

I can't afford it.

Param yetmiyor.

I don't want it.

İstemiyorum.

You're cheating me.

Beni kandırıyorsun.

I'm not interested.

İlgilenmiyorum.

OK, I'll take it.

Tamam, alacağım.

Can I have a bag?

bir torba alabilir miyim?

Do you ship (overseas)?

(Yurtdışına) kargonuz var mı?

I need...

... ihtiyacım var. (eeh tee YAH juhm vahr)

...toothpaste.

diş macunu ... (deesh MAH juh nuh)

...a toothbrush.

diş fırçası ... (deesh fuhr CHAH suh)

...tampons.

tampon ... (tahm pohn)

...sanitary napkins.

ped (pehd) ... or hijyenik ped ... (heezh YEH neek pehd)

...soap.

sabun ... (SAH boon)

...shampoo.

şampuan ... (shahm poo AHN)

...pain reliever. (e.g., aspirin or ibuprofen)

ağrı kesici ... (AH ruh keh see jee)

...cold medicine.

soğuk algınlığı ilacı ...

...stomach medicine.

mide ilacı ...

("Reflor" is a trade name for Saccharomyces boulardii)

(loperamide is "loperamid" in Turkish - some pharmacists may not recognize some trade names such as "Imodium")

...a razor.

jilet ...

...an umbrella.

şemsiye ...

...sunblock lotion.

güneş kremi ...

...a postcard.

kartpostal ...

...postage stamps.

pul ...

...batteries.

pil ...

...writing paper.

yazı kağıdı ...

...a pen.

kalem ...

...English-language books.

İngilizce kitaplar ...

...English-language magazines.

İngilizce dergiler ...

...an English-language newspaper.

İngilizce bir gazete ...

...an English-Turkish dictionary.

bir İngilizce-Türkçe sözlük ...

Driving

I want to rent a car.

Araba kiralamak istiyorum.

Can I get insurance?

Kasko yaptırabilir miyim?

stop (on a street sign)

dur

one way

tek yön

no parking

park etmek yasaktır

speed limit

hız sınırı

gas (petrol) station

benzinci/benzin istasyonu

petrol

benzin

diesel

dizel/motorin

Authority

I haven't done anything wrong.

Yanlış birşey yapmadım.

It was a misunderstanding.

Yanlış anlaşılma oldu.

Where are you taking me?

Beni nereye götürüyorsunuz?

Am I under arrest?

Tutuklu muyum?

I am an American/Australian/British/Canadian citizen.

Ben bir Amerikan/Avustralya/İngiliz/Kanada vatandaşıyım.

I want to talk to the American/Australian/British/Canadian embassy/consulate.

Amerikan/Avustralya/İngiltere/Kanada büyükelçiliğiyle/konsolosluğuyla konuşmak istiyorum.

I want to talk to a lawyer.

Bir avukatla konuşmak istiyorum.

Can I just pay a fine now?

Şimdi yalnızca bir ceza ödesem olur mu?

I want to speak to your superior

Amirinizle konuşmak istiyorum.

Learning more

• Turkish course at Wikibooks