This is a suggested itinerary for a trip from Bangkok to Ho Chi Minh City, in Southeast Asia. This itinerary takes you through the core of former French Indochina, and through the fields of the Vietnam War, starting and ending in the two largest cities in continental Southeast Asia.

Understand

Cambodia and Vietnam gained final independence from French rule in 1954. You will even today find many signs of French influence. Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country that was never colonised, though European influences can also be seen in Thailand's cities, as the kings of Thailand were keen to modernise the country based on European models.

Allied with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a U.S. ally following the war, and became an island of stability in what was otherwise a turbulent era for much of the region. Although Thailand also had to deal with its own communist insurgency, the insurgents for the most part had little success in gaining public support, due in large part to the immense popularity of then-king Bhumibol Adulyadej among the Thai people, and ended their struggle peacefully in 1983. Thailand would play host to U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the Vietnam War, which eventually led to the development of its tourism industry. However, it also led to the once-idyllic beach town of Pattaya becoming overdeveloped, and the town is now better known for its sex tourism industry than as a beach getaway destination. Nevertheless, Thailand has emerged as one of Southeast Asia's economic powerhouses, second only to Indonesia, and today attracts many migrant workers from its much poorer neighbours Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia.

The French would return to Vietnam following the war, though they would face stiff resistance from pro-independence forces. Following a humiliating defeat by communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the French agreed to grant Vietnam independence, though it would also result in a divided nation. Ho Chi Minh would set up a communist regime with the support of the Soviet Union in the North, while Ngo Dinh Diem would set up a capitalist regime with the support of the United States in the South. The Vietnam War between both states would rage from 1955-1975, ending with victory for the communists when they successfully took the southern capital of Saigon. The subsequent crackdown on capitalism by the victorious communists would result in a massive refugee crisis, with many of the wealthy Vietnamese elites and ethnic Chinese fleeing by boat, many of them drowning at sea. The survivors would mostly settle in Western countries, with the United States, Canada and Australia being the top destinations. The state-run economy would eventually collapse, leading the government to initiate market-oriented reforms in 1986 and introduce capitalist elements back to Vietnam. This policy has proved highly successful, with the Vietnamese economy recording stellar growth rates since then, and achieving a much higher level of development than neighbouring Laos and Cambodia.

The Cold War shaped Cambodian history from 1954 onwards. In 1970, General Lon Nol, with backing from the United States, overthrew Prince Sihanouk's Beijing-backed government. Civil war broke out between 1970-1975. The Khmer Rouge won the civil war in 1975 and seized control of Phnom Penh. Saloth Sar (known in the West as Pol Pot) killed between 500,000 and 2 million countrymen between 1975-1979, estimates vary. While most died of starvation, thousands were also killed in concentration camps and outright genocide. Both the "killing fields" and the Tuol Sleng interrogation center have today been converted into museums and are must-sees for any visitor to Phnom Penh. Stability was only restored in 1993 with the restoration of the monarchy, albeit as a constitutional monarchy, and the successful conduct of elections under the supervision of the United Nations. Despite the tragedy of modern Cambodian history, the country is today a vibrant and exciting country, full of history, architecture and monuments, at the core of Southeast Asia. In the 21st century, Cambodia has developed close ties with China, and is rapidly modernising through Chinese investment in numerous infrastructure projects.

Prepare

Citizens of most Western countries can visit Thailand without a visa.

Visas for Vietnam need to be arranged in advance. You can obtain one from the Vietnamese embassies in Bangkok or Phnom Penh, or a Vietnamese embassy or consulate in your home country. Allow two-four days for processing in Bangkok, and a fee of US$45–60. Alternatively, citizens of most Western countries can obtain an eVisa, which takes about 3 days to process, but you will need to print out two paper copies of your visa, and you must enter Vietnam on the exact date, and at the port of entry stipulated on your visa. You will also need to pay a US$2 bribe to the immigration officer at the land border if you are entering or exiting Vietnam on an eVisa.

For Cambodia, a 30-day tourist visa-on-arrival is available for citizens of most Western countries at most border crossings; the official price is US$30, but it usually costs more after factoring in the bribes that are usually demanded by Cambodian immigration officers. Alternatively, you may apply for an eVisa, which costs more at US$36 and takes about 3 days to process, but saves you the hassle of having to deal with the visa office at the border.

Each country has its own currency, with Thailand having the Thai baht, Cambodia having the Cambodian riel, and Vietnam having the Vietnamese dong. The U.S. dollar is the official second currency in Cambodia, and is the preferred currency for larger transactions; the local currency is generally limited to small transactions below US$1 in value. You will need to obtain the respective local currencies for Thailand and Vietnam, as foreign currencies are generally not accepted outside major tourist establishments.

ATMs are limited in Cambodia, where they are available in Siem Reap, Phnom Penh, and on the beach in Sihanoukville, and typically dispense US dollars. Thailand and Vietnam have well-developed banking systems with ATMs widely available across the country, and dispensing the local currency. Thai ATMS generally have a maximum withdrawal limit of 20,000 baht, while Vietnamese ATMs generally have a maximum withdrawal of 2,000,000 dong, sometimes less. Citibank branches in Bangkok have a withdrawal limit of 50,000 baht, while ANZ Bank branches in HCMC allow withdrawals up to 10,000,000 dong.

Talk

Each country has its own language, with Thai being the main language in Thailand, Khmer being the main language in Cambodia, and Vietnamese being the main language in Vietnam. Despite the legacy of French colonial rule, French is not widely spoken in either Cambodia or Vietnam, and is largely confined to a few educated elderly elites. English is now the main foreign language studied in all three countries, though proficiency is generally poor. That said, service staff in the tourism industry, as well as young upper and upper middle class adults locals, are usually able to communicate in at least basic English.

Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City are both home to vibrant Chinatown districts with substantial ethnic Chinese communities, some of whom are able to speak various Chinese dialects. The main Chinese dialect spoken in Bangkok is Teochew, while in Ho Chi Minh City, it is Cantonese, though with a significant Teochew minority. Although there is no dedicated Chinatown district in Phnom Penh, there is significant number of ethnic Chinese scattered around the downtown area, most of whom speak Teochew. Mandarin is also increasingly being learnt by tourist personnel due to the growing importance of China's tourism industry.

Get in

Bangkok to Siem Reap

Time: From 9–14 hours, depending on the season

• Cambodian bus company Giant Ibis runs direct buses from their office in Phra Nakhon. If you are not planning to sightsee along the way, this is the most hassle-free way of travelling the route. That said, you will have to get off the bus to clear customs and immigration at the border, and the main Aranyaprathet-Poipet border crossing is known for being a hotbed of scams, especially on the Cambodian side.

• Starts with a 4-5 hour bus ride from Bangkok to Aranyaprathet ("Aran"), the town on the Thai side near the border. Both public buses and private tour buses are available; tickets can be bought from nearly any travel agent in Bangkok and at any of Bangkok's four bus terminals. Make sure you get the right terminal for your bus. Public buses are the cheapest option and are of reasonable standard.

• From Aranyaprathet, get a tuk-tuk the last 6 km to the border crossing. Touts will approach you at the border. Ignore them as they will expect a whopping tip at the other end for not really helping you much at all. Beware of scams; the border police sometimes try to make an extra buck on various fees and fines they more or less make up on the spot. You do not need to pay a fine for not bringing your yellow fever certificate. You should only have to pay the visa fee with the price stamped in your passport, although in reality you'll probably have to pay at least 1,000 baht.

• From Poipet on the Cambodian side, it’s a further 3-6 hour bus or taxi to Siem Reap, in the dry season; in the rainy season the trip may sometimes take as much as 9–10 hours as the road gets flooded. You may get a bus or hire a taxi, and it may be a good idea to share one if you come across fellow travelers. Approach drivers directly and agree on a price to Siem Reap. Northern Cambodia is still one of the most heavily mined areas in the world; if you need to take a leak, you are well advised to choose safety before dignity and do what you need on the road itself.

• Particularly the Poipet to Siem Reap leg can be an exhausting journey, but it's also a fantastic experience, and you should be completely safe.

• As the road is paved, this part from the border to Seam Reap is faster and a much better ride. There are buses from the border that have air-con and are rather nice.

Siem Reap to Phnom Penh

Time: 4–9 hours

You have two options; road or boat. Which is more comfortable depends on the state of the road. When good, buses are excellent and fast, and boats deteriorate from lack of custom. When bad, boats become the preferred option. The road is steadily gaining the upper hand in terms of convenience, but taking the boat gives you the opportunity to travel across Southeast Asia's largest inland lake, the Tonle Sap, and see the people living around and (literally) on the lake.

• Boat: A daily catamaran service from Siem Reap to Phnom Penh may be in operation, depending on the season and the state of the road. Older diesel boats limp across the Tonle Sap the rest of the time. These boats' safety record is rather patchy, and in dry season they may not be able to pass beneath Kampong Chnang at the foot of the lake (in which case you'll end up on another bus) -- but you won't see the Tonle Sap another way. Most hotels can sell you tickets and it will include minibus transfer from your hotel to the port of departure (90 min). The price for anyone with a white face is a whopping US$25.

• Bus/taxi: from Siem Reap to Phnom Penh, modern air-con coaches do the trip in 5-7 hours with lunch included. As with any road in Cambodia, however, maintenance is patchy and the situation can deteriorate after only a few seasons. Check with your hotel or a travel agency in Siem Reap for up-to-date information. There are many bus companies making the journey including Giant Ibis, Mekong Express, Capitol, and Virak Buntham. Prices are US$7–15 (2020).

Phnom Penh to Ho Chi Minh City

Time: 6–8 hours

• There are several bus companies operating directly between the two cities, including The Sinh Tourist, Giant Ibis and Mekong Express, which use the same bus across the border all the way to HCMC but you will have to get off to go through immigration and customs. If you're not sightseeing along the way, going with one of these companies is the most hassle-free way of completing this journey.

• Another option is to buy a tour with a travel agency in Phnom Penh, as a public bus will only get you to the Vietnam border, which is a no man's land. Organized trips will bus you to the border where you cross on foot, before another bus picks you up on the other side for the 3-4 hour drive into Ho Chi Minh City.

• Alternatively, tour operators in Phnom Penh organize boats down the Mekong to the border near Chau Doc. Again, you cross on foot and transfer to a Vietnamese boat waiting on the other side. Speedboats (US$15–20) operate directly from Phnom Penh whilst for the slower boats (US$6–8) a minibus takes you to landings downstream of the ferry across the Mekong on Highway 1. From Chau Doc regular buses make the connection to Ho Chi Minh City.

Highlights

• Bangkok, Asia's most visited city and the main economic hub of mainland Southeast Asia, known for its vibrant nightlife, shopping, street markets and great food.
• The Angkor Wat, an enormous temple complex on the outskirts of Siem Reap.
• Boating the vast Tonle Sap.
• Phnom Penh, with its vibrant markets, and the Tuol Sleng and Killing Fields museums.
• Ho Chi Minh City, a vibrant, busy, beautiful city, full of French colonial history and architecture, and with a great nightlife and fantastic food.

Do

Bangkok

• Visit Wat Phra Kaew, the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, Thailand's royal temple and a popular pilgrimage destination for Thais from all over the country. The temple is within the complex of the Grand Palace, the official residence of the King of Thailand, and you are free to walk through part of the palace grounds and view the buildings from the outside.

• Shop in one of Bangkok's numerous shopping malls, such as Siam Paragon, EmQuartier and IconSiam, just to name a few.

• Visit one of Bangkok's numerous night markets and have some beer, along with Bangkok's famed street food.

• Try your bargaining skills at the Chatuchak Weekend Market, but be aware that it is a tourist trap, and you will get ripped off if you don't know what you are doing.

• Take a walk through Yaowarat, Bangkok's Chinatown, explore its Chinese temples and sample some Thai-Chinese food.

• If your budget allows for it, Bangkok is arguably the best city in Southeast Asia to try some fine dining.

• Take a day trip to Ayutthaya, one of Thailand's former capitals, or spend the night there if you have time. It is still home to the ruins of numerous ancient temples. It is also the best place to try some classic Thai street dishes like boat noodles and roti sai mai.

Siem Reap

• Visit Angkor Wat. Depending on your level of interest, you should spend between 2–7 days sightseeing Angkor Wat. Because of its size, it is not really possible to see all of it in one, or even two days.

• See the separate Siem Reap page for tips on restaurants and bars. You may notice how many of the restaurants have similar names, only differentiated by number 1, 2, 3, etc. This is due to the fact that when a particular named restaurant receives positive mention in any major guide book, surrounding restaurants will change their name to the same. Restaurant "No #1" of any particular name is not necessarily the one that received positive mention; food is generally good and cheap however, just be vigilant and ask to see the menu first.

• Get the speedboat across the Tonle Sap to Phnom Penh. Tonle Sap is one of the biggest freshwater lakes in the world. The slow boats trafficking the lake are slow and unsafe.

Phnom Penh

• The first thing you should do is to hire a moto driver! It looks crazy, but it really is the only way to get around. Be prepared to pay around US$5 for a moto driver for the entire day.

• Visit the Tuol Sleng museum, also known as S-21. Saloth Sar (better known as Pol Pot) used to be a teacher at this former high school. As Pot grasped power in 1975, he turned the school into an "interrogation center." Several thousand people were interrogated and killed here. Only a very few left Tuol Sleng alive. Upon entrance to the Tuol Sleng museum, you will be approached by guides who will tour the grounds with you for a US$3–5 fee.

• The Choeung Ek museum gives another chilling account of the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge. Located just outside the city center, you can still find human remains if you dig with your shoe just beneath the ground surface. Get your moto driver to take you there.

• Visit the beautiful Royal Palace, and the Silver Temple within the grounds of the Royal Palace.

• Make sure to pay a visit to the Foreign Correspondent's Club, the legendary FCC, overlooking the river and central Phnom Penh. This place serves the best burgers in Phnom Penh, and they have regular happy-hour deals on gin & tonics. Burgers and drinks are priced accordingly, but still comparatively cheap (around US$3 for your gin) Perhaps one of the few places in Asia where full colonial gear (black boots/white uniform) still today wouldn't feel out of place.

Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)

• Use one of the many travel cafés to organize your excursions, found on the main backpacker street in District 1, the Phạm Ngũ Lão. The quality of these trips are generally good, and the prices are low. The Sinh Cafe organizes trips both to Mui Ne, the Mekong Delta and Cu Chi tunnels at reasonable prices, but there are a multitude of offers and options, and competition is fierce.

• You should spend some time to see the architectural highlights of central Ho Chi Minh City, many of which were built by the French. The Opera House, the Central Post Office, the People's Committee Hall and the almost perfect miniature replica of the Notre Dame church are all worth a visit.

• Ho Chi Minh City has a vibrant nightlife. However, to combat a rising drug use problem, the authorities have imposed a midnight curfew for all clubs and bars. This is not to say that you can't party till early morning—you simply have to find out which clubs run an after hour on the particular night. Apocalypse Now! is a usual suspect (yes, it's the name of a club). Don't worry, the police quietly condone after hour parties as they know it is needed to attract tourists, and although drinking after hours is illegal, it is very widespread.

• The War Remnants Museum is a must-see, particularly if you're into browsing some captured old American military hardware. The museum has a large collection of captured tanks, helicopters, bombs and planes. Formerly known as the American War Atrocities Museum, the name was changed after normalization of US-Vietnamese relations in the 1990s.

• The former presidential palace of South Vietnam is a marvel of modernist architecture. Some U.S. military equipment have been left in place for viewing.

• The Cu Chi tunnels just outside town offer an exciting glimpse into the secret tactics of the Viet Cong during the war.

• A trip to the Mekong Delta is absolutely worthwhile, and a three-day trip including hotel, guide, transportation and food is usually around US $150!

• The Mui Ne resort town is a good choice for some beach life if you don't want to travel too far from the city. There is a public bus to Mui Ne every day, or you can simply hire a driver.

• Try your bargaining skills at the famous Ben Thanh Market, but it is a tourist trap these days, and you are virtually guaranteed to get ripped off if you don't know what you are doing.

• Visit Tay Ninh, and marvel at the Cao Dai Holy See.

• Visit the numerous historically significant temples, including the Jade Emperor Pagoda, Xa Loi Pagoda, Giac Lam Pagoda and An Quang Pagoda.

• Explore Cholon, Ho Chi Minh City's Chinatown, see some Chinese temples, and sample some local Chinese food. Within Cholon is the Binh Tay Market, which is much less touristy than Ben Thanh, and thus a better place to observe local life and buy some local products.

See

• Reunification Hall, 106 Nguyen Du St. Daily 07:30-11:30, 13:00-16:00. Formerly South Vietnam's Presidential Palace, this is a restored five-floor time warp to the 1960s, left largely untouched from the day before Saigon fell to the North. On April 30, 1975, the war ended when tank 843, now parked outside, crashed through the gate. You can also visit the war rooms in the basement and view a propaganda film recounting how the South Vietnamese lackeys and American imperialists succumbed to Ho Chi Minh's indomitable revolutionary forces. 15,000 dong. 

War Remnants Museum

• 1 War Remnants Museum (formerly the Exhibition House of American War Crimes), 28 Võ Văn Tần, Phường 6, Quận 3. Daily 07:30-18:00. This is a disturbing exhibit of man's cruelty during the Vietnam War. In addition to halls full of gruesome photographs, exhibits include a real guillotine, a simulated "tiger cage" prison and jars of deformed fetuses blamed on Agent Orange. The comic relief provided by a display on the evils of American rock music has sadly disappeared. 40,000 dong. (updated May 2019)

Stay safe

While generally safe, particularly Cambodia can be an exhausting country in which to travel. Because of the widespread and extreme poverty, foreigners may sometimes feel as if they were walking cash points. Simply leaving your hotel and walking down the street is likely to attract a mixed crowd of cyclo drivers, postcard sellers, water and ice-cream merchants and anyone else out to get their hands on a dollar. Learn to say "no" (or "ot tay" in the Khmer language) and remain polite, but determined. Thailand and Vietnam are economically somewhat better off, meaning that for the most part, you will be left alone when visiting tourist spots and will not be constantly hassled to buy stuff, though overcharging remains a major issue.

Border crossing scams are common at the land borders, much more so than at airports. It is common for immigration officers to demand bribes before they process your entry or exit, and you risk getting delayed and being left behind by your bus company if you refuse to pay the bribe. Some luxury bus companies charge a border crossing service fee so staff will process you through immigration while you sit in a cafe and wait. They will usually give you the option of not paying the fee and processing yourself through immigration instead, but this means that the bus will leave without you should immigration officers decide to hold you up.

Landmines and exploded ordnance remain a problem in the rural parts of Cambodia and Vietnam. Be sure to stick only to official roads, and avoid going off the beaten track unless you have a guide who knows the area well.

Go next

One option to carefully consider for this itinerary is to book your tickets inbound to Bangkok, but outbound from Ho Chi Minh City. Alternatively, you will probably want to fly back to Bangkok rather than backtrack your journey through Cambodia. Ho Chi Minh City is well connected, though you are advised to book and buy your tickets well in advance as last-minute air fares can be rather expensive.