It is possible to fly into Tibet, but doing so from near sea level entails a large risk of altitude sickness. For many visitors reaching Tibet by land, as described in this article, will be preferable because it is safer and lets you visit other interesting areas en route.

Understand

There are overland routes to Lhasa from the four cardinal directions. The main ones from central China are:

• by road from the north, starting at Golmud, Qinghai
• by rail, also via Golmud using the 21st century Qinghai-Tibet railway, the world's highest railway line, with oxygen pumped into the cabin
• by road from the east, from Kunming, Yunnan or from Chengdu, Sichuan (The Tibet Tea Road) — see more out-of-the-way places
• overland to Zhongdian, then fly to Lhasa — see a lot without blowing the budget

Those, plus the route from the South, from India via Nepal, are covered here.

This article does not cover the route from the northwest, from Kashgar in Xinjiang to Lhasa; that route involves bad roads through lightly populated areas and is not much travelled. For more on that, and on the routes below, see the Tibet article.

For any route, foreign and Taiwanese travellers need travel permits for each area you visit. The Chinese government restricts their access to Tibet; in theory, you can only get a permit as part of an organized tour group. In practice, some tour operators will take your money, get you the permit, and be happy if you go off on your own. Also, some local police stations will happily issue permits for their area, sometimes cheaper than the tour operators. For details, see the Tibet article. Some travelers have gone without the permits, and some have gotten away with it, but this is no longer possible or advised. If you are caught you will be detained, fined and sent back at your own expense.

For any route, you need to consider the risks of altitude sickness. Lhasa is at 3660 meters (12,000 feet). Most of the passes and some inhabited plateau areas are over 5000 meters (16,500 feet).

See also: Cycling in China

By rail

See also: Qinghai–Tibet railway

The Qinghai-Tibet railway connects Xining and Golmud to Lhasa. Golmud is in Qinghai, a Chinese province north of Tibet, also located on the Tibetan plateau, with a large part of the population ethnically Tibetan. Qinghai corresponds approximately with the historical Tibetan province of Amdo and may still be referred to as that by Tibetan speakers.

This is the highest railway on earth, running at over 5000 meters above sea level in many places. The carriages are specially designed to help passengers avoid altitude sickness. Contrary to popular belief, the carriages are not pressurized. It is possible to open the train windows en route and the train stops at many high altitude stations with no pressurization/de-pressurization before the train doors open. The air is oxygen-enriched by outlets in the carriages. If that is not enough, you can plug a nasal catheter into an outlet for a more concentrated dose. Few passengers require these, but they are available if you do.

The train has different classes of travel — soft sleeper (4 berths in one compartment), hard sleeper (6 berths in one compartment) and hard seat (standard railway seating). In each carriage information about the journey is displayed on scrolling LED displays. This contains much information in Chinese and in English. It is possible to find out the current speed, time and date, altitude and next station information.

Each carriage has an attendant who is responsible for the boarding of that carriage and the passengers within it. There is also a restaurant car serving food and drink and frequent trolley services for food and other essentials throughout the train. Every train also carries a doctor and nurse.

One noticeable problem with the sleeper carriages is that there are only two toilets (one Western and one Chinese) in each carriage. These are not only very busy but also get very dirty as the journey progresses. You are advised also to take your own toilet paper. In addition to this there is barely enough room for luggage. Passengers often have to sleep with their suitcases on their beds if they are too large to fit under the beds or in the over-corridor area linked to each compartment.

The railway connects via Golmud to the main Chinese rail system. You can get tickets all the way to Lhasa from major Chinese cities — at least Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Lanzhou and Guangzhou, perhaps others. On the Chongqing route, at least 24 hours of the 48-hour journey are spent traveling north to join the main Beijing to Golmud line.

Line speeds average 100 to 120 km/h, certainly from Golmud to Lhasa, making the journey interesting but also laborious.

On arrival at Lhasa you should have your tickets ready for inspection at the barriers. Also watch out for the taxi drivers who insist on charging a fixed rate per vehicle (despite number of occupants) of ¥100 for the journey into Lhasa center. They can also become quite irate if you do not use their car! It's best to try and get 4 people together to split the cost (¥25 each) - but its still a rip-off as standard fares in Lhasa start at ¥5 and then ¥1.8 per km. The journey to a central Lhasa hotel should cost no more than ¥20. You could also reach Golmud via routes described in Silk Road and Along the Yellow river.

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  A train on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
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  Hard seat interior on the Shanghai-Lhasa train
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  Hard sleeper berths on the Beijing-Lhasa train
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  Soft sleeper berths on the Beijing-Lhasa train
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  Dining car of Lanzhou-Lhasa train

By road from Xining

It is also possible to reach Lhasa by road from Golmud by bus or driving. Combined with a train to Golmud, this is probably the cheapest route from central China into Tibet, and the one with the fewest hassles about permits, although hitchhiking is no longer feasible since a guide accompanying you is mandatory. The journey takes about 30 hours.

You could also reach Golmud via routes described in Silk Road and Along the Yellow river.

• Qinghai-Tibet Road II: Xining, Qinghai - Yushu - Nangqen - Riwoq, Tibet - Dengqen - Baqen - Nagqu - - Lhasa

The so-called "Tang-Bo Ancient Road" is an alternative of Qinghai-Tibet Road from Golmud to Lhasa. During China's Tang Dynasty, Princess Wencheng took this road to marry Songtsän Gampo, the thirty-third king of the Yarlung Dynasty of Tibet.

By road from Kunming or Chengdu

Here is the route via Western Sichuan, Northwestern Yunnan and Eastern Tibet, starting from either Chengdu or Kunming.

• Sichuan-Tibet Hwy North: Chengdu - Dujiangyan - Danba - Bamei - Daofu - Luhuo - Ganzi - Dege - Chamdo - Dengqen - Baqen - Nagqu - Lhasa

• Sichuan-Tibet Hwy South: Chengdu - Kangding - Litang - Batang - Mangkam - Zogang- Pomda - Basu - Ranwu - Pome - Bayi - Lhasa

From Chengdu, another option is to head north and west to see some of the Silk Road areas, then to Golumd and into Tibet that way. See route above.

• Yunnan-Tibet Road: Kunming, Yunnan - Dali - Lijiang - Zhongdian (Shangrila) - Benzilan - Deqin - Yanjing - Mangkam - Pomda - Ranwu - Pome - Bayi - Lhasa. The Yunnan tourist trail itinerary article covers much of this route.

• Bing-Cha-Cha Road: Kunming, Yunnan - Dali - Baoshan - Liuku - Gongshan - Bing Zhongluo Xiang - Zayul - Ranwu - Pome - Bayi - Lhasa. The road is very rough and difficult, It is recommended to use an off-road vehicle.

Kunming is well-connected to other Chinese regions by road and rail, and to places both within and beyond China by air. See Kunming#Get in and Hong Kong to Kunming overland for details.

Zhongdian to Lhasa

The overland route is by road from Zhongdian in northern Yunnan. The Chinese government is promoting tourism by calling the area around Zhondian Shangrila. The road condition has greatly improved over the years but you still need a four wheel drive vehicle. This southern road is extremely scenic with snowcapped mountains, alpine lakes and gorgeous scenery. Several companies offer tours on this route.

The route is quite difficult on your own, but there are buses; see the Shangrila article for information.

Chengdu to Zhongdian

The easy route from Chengdu to Zhongdian is to take a train to Kunming, then follow the Yunnan tourist trail up to Zhongdian.

There is an alternate route taking a series of buses through Southern Sichuan, via Xiangcheng to Zhongdian. This is several days rather off the beaten track, not for the fainthearted. However, you don't need permits for this. If you book the Zhongdian-Lhasa trip in Chengdu, it may include (at a cost, of course) a trip along this route in a more comfortable bus with a guide.

Kunming to Zhongdian

This route is described in Yunnan tourist trail.

Central China to Kunming or Chengdu

See Hong Kong to Kunming overland for one route to Kunming, and Along the Yangtze river for one to Chengdu.

Of course there are many other ways to get there. Both cities have good road, rail and air connections to the rest of China, and both have some international flights.

Overland to Zhongdian, then fly to Lhasa

An alternative route is to travel overland to Zhongdian via routes given in Hong Kong to Kunming overland and Yunnan tourist trail, then fly to Lhasa.

One advantage is that this will probably be cheaper than the guided four-wheel-drive overland journey.

This also gives your body time to acclimatise and avoid altitude sickness. A flight from sea level to Lhasa at 3650 meters (over 12,000 feet) is very likely to cause illness. However, if you go via Kunming and Dali (both near 2000 meters) to Lijiang (2400) and Zhongdian (3200), spending a little time in each place, then you can fly to Lhasa (3650) with very little risk.

Of course, you could also fly to Lhasa from Chengdu, Kunming or more distant Chinese cities. However, you would miss the very beautiful areas on the Yunnan tourist trail and might run higher risk of altitude sickness.

By road from Kathmandu

The overland from Kathmandu to Lhasa or from Lhasa to Kathmandu is probably the best-known overland itinerary. The road distance of roughly 1000 km is full of stunning views from the subtropical climate of the South side of the Himalayas to passing Everest and other 8000-m peaks. En route are may important cultural and religious sites and monasteries.

Tour companies include:

• Navyo Nepal - Discover Asia (Kathmandu-Lhasa). They offer tours and many non-commercial information on Tibet on their website. They handle individual and organized tours
• Tibet Nature Tour offers a variety of overland tours in Tibet and Lhasa to Kathmandu tour is one of the best tour itineraries on their website.