Belarus

Belarus (Belarusian: Белару́сь) is a former Soviet state whose history begins in the 10th century CE. While not on most tourists' radar, Belarus preserves beautiful castles, pristine nature, and Soviet heritage. It maintains close ties and an open border with its neighbor Russia.

Regions

The regions (oblasts) of Belarus provide no real guidance for a tourist. These divisions are of purely administrative nature, were created less than a century ago and have very little to do with historical, cultural or ethnographic matters.

Brest Oblast

Gomel Oblast

Grodno Oblast

Mogilev Oblast

Minsk Oblast

Vitebsk Oblast

Map of Belarus

Cities

53.927.5666671 Minsk (Belarusian Cyrillic: Мінск) — the Belarusian capital and largest city, with over 2 million inhabitants.
52.09762123.734052 Brest (Брэст) — regional capital on the Polish border with impressive architectural sights.
55.48315728.7990623 Polotsk (По́лацк, Polack) — the oldest Belarusian city, notable for interesting buildings.
52.44117630.9878464 Gomel (Гомель, Homieĺ) — the second largest city in Belarus; located in the east.
52.11666726.15 Pinsk (Пінск) — informally known as the capital of Belarusian Polesie (Pinsk, or Pripyat, Marshes).
53.66935423.8131316 Grodno (Гродна, Hrodna) — the last capital city of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (18th cent.) with rich history and well preserved architecture.
53.90071630.331367 Mogilev (Магілёў, Mahilioŭ) — third largest city in Belarus.
53.22260426.6766148 Nesvizh (Нясві́ж, Niasviž) — with a UNESCO listed castle.
55.18480630.2016229 Vitebsk (Ві́цебск, Viciebsk) — the city of Marc Chagall.

Other destinations

52.72288523.6555671 Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park (Нацыянальны парк Белавежская пушча, Natsyyanal’ny park Byelavyezhskaya pushcha) — on the border with Poland, this primeval forest is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
53.45123926.4732 Mir Castle Complex (Мірскі замак, Mirski zamak) — another UNESCO World Heritage Site

Understand


Capital	Minsk
Currency	Belarusian ruble (BYN)
Population	9.1 million (2024)
Electricity	220 volt / 50 hertz (Europlug, Schuko)
Country code	+375
Time zone	UTC+03:00, Europe/Minsk
Emergencies	101 (fire department), 102 (police force), 103 (emergency medical services)
Driving side	right
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History

See also: Russian Empire, Soviet Union, World War II in Europe, Holocaust remembrance

Early history

The earliest precursors of what now is known as Belarusians were Slavonic and Baltic tribes inhabiting the contemporary territory of Belarus. The first Belarusian city mentioned in historical writings was Polack. The Principality of Polack produced the earliest known Belarusian literature, architecture and art.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Belarus remained free from the Mongol invasion, which badly affected other east Slavonic peoples. Instead, in the 13th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania started forming in the western parts of contemporary Belarus. The first capital city of the Duchy was Navahrudak. Its rulers attracted the principalities of Polack, Viciebsk, Smolensk and others to defend together against invasions of the Crimean Tatars, Mongols and Teutonic knights. The Polish Kingdom became the main ally of the Duchy.

In 1323, Vilnius became the capital city. Ruthenian, the language of Belarusians and Ukrainians of that time, was the main literary and official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until Polish political and cultural influence prevailed in 17th-18th centuries. Many literary works were composed in Ruthenian, as well as the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – some of the greatest European legislative texts. They evidence a broadly secular, tolerant and plural society. The Duchy provided asylum for many ostracized people from neighbouring countries, for example, Old Believers from Russia. Tatars imprisoned during wars were allowed to settle down together and they produced fascinating translations – known as Al-Kitabs – of sacred texts into Ruthenian, but in Arabic script. From those translations, we know what the spoken Ruthenian of those days sounded like – it had all the main features of the contemporary spoken Belarusian. The Grand Duchy of Moscow, the predecessor of Russia, was the main threat to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 15th century. This drew the latter into the ever-closer union with the Polish Kingdom. This culminated in the Union of Lublin, which produced the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, incl. the whole contemporary Belarus, as an autonomous, but not leading participant. As Russian tsars were becoming more powerful, they pursued increasingly more their expansionist politics. The 17th century was especially devastating for Belarus; the war of 1654-1667 stands out among many others. During that war, over half of the Belarusian population were killed, died from hunger, taking to Russia or sold to slavery to Persia (now Iran). That war profoundly changed the land and people; it was a demographic, economic and cultural catastrophe. More wars followed until, at the end of the 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was divided between Russia, Prussia and Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hrodna was the last capital city of the Commonwealth in 1793–95.

Russian Empire

In 1795, the whole territory of contemporary Belarus became part of the Russian Empire. The new country was by far less tolerant than the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The state machine promoted the idea of Belarusians, alongside with Ukrainians, being a constituent part of the grand Russian nation. For the first time, Jews were not free to live where they wished; they had to pay twice as much in taxes as Christians. After the 1864 appraising, no Belarusians were allowed to take posts of responsibility in the state administration. By the end of the 19th century, three-quarters of peasants spoke Belarusian and identified themselves as Belarusian. Fewer than 15% of the urban population spoke Belarusian which reflected the mass Polish and Russian assimilation, as well as the population move from the Russian to Belarusian towns. Interestingly, over half of the population of Belarusian cities and towns of that time were Jews. With the liberalisation of life in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, Belarusians seized the opportunity to establish their first national party, newspapers and publishing houses. In the first place, they appeared multi-ethnic Vilnius, which at that time was the main center of the Belarusian cultural life; also, in Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire, and Minsk.

First independence and USSR

During the First World War and after the 1917 revolution, Russian political parties refused to contemplate an independent state for Belarusians. This changed in 1918 when the Germans occupied part of Belarus. Belarusian parties and organizations proclaimed the independent Belarusian Democratic Republic in Minsk on 25 March 1918. The republic was recognized by only a few governments. This forced the Russian Bolsheviks to allow the formation of another Belarusian republic – the Soviet Socialist one, which was a founding member of the Soviet Union and the United Nations, and which effectively transformed itself into the independent Republic of Belarus in 1991.

In the Soviet Union, Belarus gained a lot and lost a lot too. On the one hand, it developed economically: there were Belarusian schools, and Belarusian books were published widely. On the other hand, the Belarusian identity was partially suppressed and belittled. For example, no higher education in Belarusian was allowed. The Stalin terror was another catastrophe for Belarus. Between 600,000 and 1,400,000 Belarusians were killed in Belarus or sent to Siberia. In the political purges of the 1920-30s, Belarus lost 80% of its professional literary writers. Of 139 PhD students in 1934, only six survived. The Stalin terror virtually destroyed Belarusian science and arts.

Second World War

The Second World War for Belarusians started in 1939 when Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland. Part of the Belarusian ethnic territories had been incorporated into the Polish state since 1920; now, the western and eastern parts of Belarus were brought together as part of the Soviet Union. In 1941 Germany invaded its erstwhile ally, the Soviet Union. Belarus was an area of major battles, a widespread partisan movement and great suffering. Belarus was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in the war. About 30% of the population died, including in over 200 concentration camps; 70% of towns and cities were partly or totally destroyed. The population of Belarus did not regain its pre-war level until 1971. The Jewish population of Belarus never recovered after the Holocaust.

Independence

On 27 July 1990, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic parliament declared the country's sovereignty, but without breaking away from the already collapsing Soviet Union. In December 1991, the heads of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia – the founding members of the USSR – formally dissolved the Soviet Union in Bielaviežskaja Pušča. Since then, the Belarusian government has been sticking to the politics of being Russia's closest ally while maintaining and strengthening its independence.

Geography

With 9.5 million inhabitants, Belarus is a middle-size European country covering a total area of 207,600 km² - slightly smaller than the United Kingdom, five times larger than the Netherlands and Switzerland. The maximum distance from west to east is 560 km, while 650 km is the maximum distance from north to south. The country has over 11,000 lakes and 91,000 km of rivers, with significant areas of marshland. There are five major rivers in Belarus: Nioman, Dniepr, Sož, Biarezina and Prypiać. The latter flows towards the site of the former nuclear complex of Chernobyl (Ukraine), the scene of the nuclear catastrophe in 1986. About 40% of the country's landscape is covered by forests. Most of the country is flat and has vast areas of rolling countryside, but the highest point is Dziaržynskaja Hara at 334 m.

Holidays

The following festivals are national holidays:

New Year Day (Новы год) - 1 January is a public holiday and the most important celebration for the majority of Belarusians, with celebrations taking place throughout the night.
Christmas (Ражджаство) - 7 January - Orthodox Christians in Belarus celebrate Christmas according to the Julian calendar.
Woman's Day (Дзень жанчын) - 8 March - a much-loved celebration going back to the early years of the Soviet Union.
Workers' Festival (Свята працы) - 1 May - this used to be one of the most important Soviet celebrations; its importance has significantly diminished in contemporary Belarus.
Victory Day (Дзень Перамогі) - 9 May - the victory of the Soviet Union in the World War II is one of the cornerstones of the contemporary Belarusian state ideology; various festivities take place throughout the country.
Radaǔnica (Радаўніца) - a festival of commemorating the predecessors taking place on the 9th day after Easter according to the Julian calendar. Many people will visit cemeteries.
Independence Day (Дзень Незалежнасці) - 3 July - initially, this day commemorated the liberation of Minsk from the occupation in the World War II in 1944. Eventually, it was given a new meaning underlying the importance of the war in the foundational myth of Belarusian independence. A military parade takes place in central Minsk and other festivities - throughout the country.
October Revolution Day (Дзень Кастрычніцкай рэвалюцыі) - 7 November - Belarus remains the only country in the world celebrating the anniversary of Russian Revolution (1917) as a national holiday.
Christmas (Божае нараджэнне) - 25 December - though Catholics are a religious minority in Belarus, Christmas according to the Gregorian calendar is a national holiday and widely celebrated by non-Catholics too.

Get in

Entry requirements

Visa-free

Citizens of the following countries do not need a visa: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Georgia, Hong Kong. Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macau, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Qatar, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela. In case of any change, consult the up-to-date list of visa-exempt countries.

Citizens of 74 countries (see list) do not need a visa for stays in Belarus of up to 30 days, subject to a limit of 90 days per calendar year, provided they meet the following requirements:

they enter and they leave the country via flights to and from Minsk National Airport
they have medical insurance valid in Belarus. You will be asked to show its print copy by the border control officer. Unlike for the mandatory registration, this document does not have to be translated into Belarusian or Russian; one in English (and, possibly, other languages) will be sufficient. Alternatively, insurance can be purchased from a kiosk on the left hand side before passport control for €1/day (bring euros or dollars with you to purchase)
they are not flying directly from or to a city in Russia
they have cash or proof of funds of at least €25 per day of stay (not enforced for travelers from developed countries).

Visa-free entry is not granted to holders of diplomatic, service or special passports and to travelers flying to Minsk from Russia or flying from Minsk to Russia. These flights are considered domestic because of the absence of border control between Belarus and Russia.

Citizens of Vietnam, Haiti, Gambia, Honduras, India, Lebanon, Namibia, Samoa must also have a valid multi-entry visa to one of the EU countries or to the Schengen Area. They also have to produce a stamp that they used this visa to enter the EU, as well as return flight tickets from Minsk before the visa-free period expires.

Arrival and departure days are each considered as full days, that is if you entered the passport control at 23:59, this day will be counted as a full day.

Foreigners can also travel visa-free for 15 days to visa-free zones in the Brest and Grodno regions, provided they obtained a permission from a travel agency. See this page for details.

Foreigners can also travel visa-free for 3 days to Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park in western Belarus. To do this, you should "book tourism services" in advance and fill in a online form, after which a simplified visa will be sent to you by e-mail. Bring a printout of the visa and a passport and enter the Park from Poland through the Pererov-Belovezha border checkpoint.

Note: Do you need a transit visa? Until July 2020, Western passport holders needed a Belarus transit visa to cross the country overland to reach Russia. It’s been announced that this no longer applies: your Russian visa suffices to get you across Belarus. But to date this is not confirmed on embassy websites, so vital detail is missing. First and foremost, is it true? - and official so you can print it out to wave as proof? What transit period is allowed? What entry and exit points are permitted? Is it the same rules on return from Russia? Do all classes of Russian visa count? – and so on. In the absence of confirmation, you’ll need to phone the embassy, or speak to your visa support agency. Good luck with that, because they’re probably all as much in the dark as you are.

Mandatory registration

If your stay is longer than ten days, you must register with the local Migration and Citizenship Department (Belarusian - Дэпартамент па міграцыі і грамадзянстве; Russian - Департамент по гражданству и миграции) within five business days. If you are staying in a hotel, this will be arranged by the hotel. A card, evidence of your registration, must be held until you leave the country.

The mandatory registration can be done online for free. The exception is those who arrived in Belarus from Russia (due to the lack of immigration control between the two countries). Please see a step-by-step instruction in Russian or in English. Alternatively, the registration can be done on the same portal by the Belarusian resident hosting a foreign visitor. To extend the registration, foreign citizens must visit the local Migration and Citizenship Department in person.

Visitors who arrived from Russia or who did not manage to complete the mandatory registration online should do it the local Migration and Citizenship Department in person. You will be required to fill an application form (see Заявление о регистрации иностранного гражданина (лица без гражданства) (a copy can be obtained from the Department office as well); present your passport or other document used for entering Belarus, a copy of the medical insurance and the payment receipt.

A medical insurance document required for mandatory registration (unless the registration is completed online) must be in Belarusian or Russian, or translated into one of those languages by a licenced translator. This makes purchasing local medical insurance a simpler and cheaper option if your trip is short. The insurance can also be arranged at any office of Belgosstrakh, a state insurance company.

The registration fee is BYN27 (since January 2020). Payment can be arranged via ЕРИП self-service kiosks in shops, Metro stations and many other venues. Any branch of the state-owned Belarusbank will be able to assist with this payment too. It is worth using the bank assistance as the process is not straightforward. Foreign bank cards are not be accepted for these payments.

It is common to visit the Migration and Citizenship Department office to collect the application form and bank details for fee payment first; then arrange the payment and - if necessary - insurance, and return to the office to complete registration. Allow several hours for all the procedures.

Visa

VOA at Minsk National Airport

A Belarusian visa on arrival can be obtained at Minsk National Airport (MSQ^IATA) by nationals of countries with no consular offices of the Republic of Belarus for €90 or for €180 for citizens of countries with a Belarusian consulate. Standard documents including a letter of invitation have to be provided in advance. See Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the «National Airport Minsk».

Visa from a Belarusian Embassy

You can apply for a visa at a Belarusian Consulate or Embassy. The list can be found on the Foreign Affairs Ministry website.

Visas can be valid for one, two, three, or unlimited entries. They are to be used within the period indicated therein. A visa will take a full page of your passport so make sure you have at least one page free.

Visa fees and processing times

Tourist visa fees are approximately €60 for all categories of visa, for processing in 5 business days, or double the price for a 2 business day turnaround. Fees change so check with your local embassy for the current costs.

Japanese and Serbian passport holders are exempted from visa fees.

Documents required

In order to get a visa you will also need a passport and an invitation, other papers depending on the type of visa you apply for. There is a compulsory state medical insurance for visitors to Belarus if you do have a policy valid in Belarus. It is preferable to buy this from a Belarusian company, and its costs US$1 per day of stay.

To get a Belarusian business visa a foreigner has to present an invitation of any Belarusian legal entity officially registered in the Republic of Belarus. The invitation is to be written on letterhead paper and should contain name, personal and passport details as well as purpose and duration of visit. The invitation is to be signed and bear official seal of the inviting organization. Embassies or consulates (with the exception of Consular office at the National airport) can often accept invitations received by fax. Multiple business visa is obtainable against payment of US$300 from Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Consular department upon presentation of all required documents (contact phone + 375 17 222 26 61).

To get a short-term visa for private purposes (visiting Belarusian relatives, friends, other private matters) with a validity of 30 days, maximum for 1-, 2- or multiple entries for citizens of the EU as well as nationals of several other countries, such as Australia, Andorra, Argentina, Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Chile, Iceland, Israel, Norway, Swiss Confederation, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Uruguay, Republic of South Africa and Japan, no visa support documents shall be required (letter of invitation etc. documents). Short term visas are available from Minsk airport, consulates and embassies.

To get a visa for private purposes a foreigner who is planning to stay in the country for more than 30 days has to present the invitation issued for a Belarusian resident by his citizenship and migration office. The original invitation should be handed over to the embassy/consulate or Consular office at the National airport in this case, any fax or photocopy is excluded. Multiple private visa is issued upon presentation of the original invitation to foreigners, visiting their close relatives. Very often Belarusian consulates grant private visas to the nationals of migration secure countries without any invitation papers.

Difficulties when applying for a visa by mail

Applying for a Visa for Belarus can be a very customer unfriendly experience. If you cannot apply for a visa in person, you SHOULD use the help of a Visa Processing Agency even though it will involve additional fees.

It is common that someone follows all application protocols for getting a visa but still gets denied due to a small technical error, such as a problem with the form of money order or a slight error in a filling out a form.

Communication with the embassies/consulates in Kensington (London, United Kingdom), Vilnius (Lithuania), Moscow (Russia) can be poor especially by e-mail, post and via telephone. In addition, there have been reports of e-mail queries going unanswered and express Visa applications not being processed in the 48 hour period. They may call you with an update on an application but the communication can be poor or unclear with the caller not identifying themselves.

Extensions of visas and visa-free stays

In case of emergency such as hospitalization, it is possible to extend a visa or the visa-free stay upon the request to a local Migration office. An exit visa should be issued and a traveler will be allowed to leave the country through any border checkpoint by road, railway, or air.

If needed, private or business visas can be extended up to 90 days by the Minsk city citizenship and migration office (contact phone + 375 17 231-3809) or Regional citizenship and migration office in Hrodna, Brest, Minsk, Mahilyou, Homel upon presentation of all the required documents.

Expired visas and required exit permits

If you have an expired visa, an exit permit will be required to leave the country. They are issued by Minsk city passport and visa office or Regional passport and visa offices in Hrodna, Brest, Minsk, Mogilev, Homel.

By plane

Note: People flying to Belarus via a transfer at a Russian airport must get a Russian transit visa, which, generally, must be obtained in your country of citizenship or residence. Flights to Belarus use the domestic terminal at Russian airports and you therefore must pass through Russian customs and transfer to the domestic terminal. If you do not have a transit visa and are lucky, you can expect many hours of bureaucratic delay or else, in many cases, be forced to find another flight without leaving the international terminal. Therefore, flights to Belarus from European Union airports are highly recommended if you do not have a Russian Visa.

Several European airlines have flights to Minsk National Airport, approximately 40 km from Minsk, including Belavia, Lufthansa, Austrian Airlines, Lot Polish Airlines, Air Baltic, and Czech Airlines.

The only national airline, Belavia offers competitively-priced direct flights. Flights to/from Vilnius costs as low as €40 and little advance purchase is required.

By train

Timetables

For timetable and tickets, see the Belarusian Railway website and its BC. My Train app. Timetable is also available at: Deutsche Bahn (DB), Polish trains PKP (English), Commonwealth of independent states (CIS) trains, Latvian trains 1, Latvian trains 2, Lithuanian train timetables, Trains and bus timetables in Baltic countries or Estonian train timetable.

From Poland

Entry/exit points along the Poland/Belarus border include:

You can take a local train between the two corresponding border towns.

From Lithuania

The Vilnius<->Minsk takes 2.5 hr. You can buy the ticket online. Don't forget to enable the electronic registration, otherwise you'd still have to visit the ticket booth to acquire the ticket itself (if traveling from Vilnius, this may even not be possible!). Try not to book the trains that go to Russia since they are slower and don't always have the electronic registration option.

From Estonia and Latvia

There is no direct train from Estonia, but you can take the Tallinn-Tartu-Valga/Valka line (Valga/Valka is city at the Estonian/Latvian border).

There are a few trains that come from Riga.

Customs controls on the train

Note: If you are simply passing through Belarus, even if your train makes no stops, you must obtain a transit visa in advance. The American embassy warns that many customs agents have tried to threaten persons lacking a transit visa with jail or extorted "fines". Such threats are fake. Do not give any money to border agents, as they cannot give you a transit visa or charge fees; they only refuse entry to you. If you do pay and are allowed entry without a visa in your passport, contact your embassy immediately, as trying to exit will lead to fines and jail.

Passport controls happen in the train itself. In the get in to Belarus direction, they happen typically even before the train leaves the station in Poland.

Customs controls happen in a room of the train station in the Belarus train station. You are most likely to have a short chat with a customs officer - the system of green (nothing to declare) and red (something to declare) streams and random checks of suspicious looking people in the green stream - everyone is presumed to be suspicious. In practice, the rules seem to be fairly standard - declare expensive goods, you can import/export a small quantity of alcohol, cigarettes, computer equipment for personal use. However, the formal content of the customs form asks whether you are carrying any publications. So if you have, e.g. a foreign passport, are carrying do-it-yourself-colour-revolution materials and you have that subversive look about you, then you will probably be giving the customs people a legal reason to detain you and/or deport you.

Warning: the customs room in the train station where you exit Belarus may be difficult to find (especially if you walk around the station rather casually and your Cyrillic is weak) and it closes a long time before the train leaves; if you arrive only 10 minutes before the train leaves, you will be refused customs control and access to the train. Customs may also be carried out at the border while on the train. It adds over an hour to the trip, but other than that, the officials are efficient and friendly. In Brest, you can safely board the train to Poland directly without passing the customs (they will be performed at the border).

By car

At the Terespol/Brest crossing, there are about six different controls. The Polish side seems to work quite slowly. Being on the outer border of the European Union, they check for stolen cars and wanted criminals.

After crossing the bridge over river Bug and getting on the Belarusian side, one has to show passports and gets a piece of paper with the car's registration mark on it. Then one goes to either green or red channel depending on whether a customs control is needed. In the green channel one has to complete two checks, the completion of each check is recorded on the paper received on entering the Belarusian side.

First passport, visa, and migration card checks are done by an officer who comes towards your car. They also check medical insurance and it is quite likely you will be forced to purchase the state compulsory medical insurance at the border for €1 per day of stay.

Second is the transport/car check, for which one needs to go to a special window towards the end of the customs area. You will be required to produce a "green card" (proof of insurance) valid for Belarus, or will have to purchase car insurance at the border for €1 per day of stay. You will also get another piece of paper with your car registration mark. You will need to show this one upon leaving Belarus.

With the stamped paper, one can go forward towards the last barrier. The officer there just takes the paper, checks that you have completed the controls, and lets you into Belarus.

It would be nice to believe that there's a Geiger counter to check for stuff which is radioactive from the Chernobyl accident, but it's unclear if this is used in practice - it's not done in any obvious way.

On leaving Belarus, one has to pay a special "environmental" tax before being allowed to enter the border control area. It costs €1, and in Brest is sold in a large building just before the border on the right.

By bus

Taking a bus from any border of the country of Belarus is easy.

From Tallinn, Estonia, there are direct buses to Minsk.

From Baltic countries: Olimp, Nordeka, Eurolines, Ecolines.

Taking the bus from Vilnius to Minsk takes 4 hr and is a fairly comfortable ride, as long as you stick to western international carriers such as Eurolines. From Kaunas you may travel to Minsk by Kaunas-based Kautra company. It's advisable and cheaper to book tickets in advance by internet here. Journey takes about 5.5 hr. Buy your ticket in advance. Before beginning travel to Belarus remember to check that all your papers are in order meaning you have valid visa and Belarus state travel insurance for your trip. For example, quick, easy and comfortable way to begin trip is to begin trip from one of the Baltic cities that have Belarussian embassy or consulate.

By boat

Belarus shares many rivers with its neighbouring countries, so it's no big surprise that in Belarus each major city has a riverport and possibilities for river cruises. The easiest way to check departure times, routes and availability is to call Belarussian River Steamship Company ^{[dead link]} and/or Belarusian tourist companies. It is recommended to make cruise inquiries by phone. If you cannot reach one number it is good to call other numbers that company has (phone numbers and e-mail addresses can frequently change in Belarus).

Belarusian border crossing cruises are such as from Belarus, Polotsk into Latvia's Daugavpilis and Poland's Augustow chanel. Augustow chanal cruises departure from Belarusian city called Grodno and the route is via Neman river.

By canoe

Kayak paddling, rowing and canoeing are popular hobbies in Belarus.

In some cases with special pre-planning and preparations with the authorities and tourist agents one can cross the border also by canoeing.

On foot

Pererov-Bialowieza./Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park is the only border crossing for hikers and cyclists.

If you're at one of the double town crossings, e.g.

there may be some places where you can cross by foot - e.g. because you're on the last day of your Belarus visa and you want to be sure not to overstay - but more likely you'll have to befriend some people in a car who will adopt you for a few hours and will (implicitly) pretend that you're travelling with them. The border guards have no problem with this. Remember that the people in the car are taking a risk as well as you - as far as they know you might be a National Endowment for Democracy agent who will be discovered by the Belarus border guard and get them into trouble. So if they are Belarusians and they ask for a fee of US$5 consider it fair. See the section By car above for what happens in your adopted car.

Get around

	Note: Major motorways are toll roads in Belarus. Before the travel, check the list of toll roads. There are no toll stations. The toll for use of Belarusian roads within the BelToll system can be paid on the basis of a Pre-Paid Contract or a Post-Pay Contract.

Belarus is not a large country, and a traveller can reach from one side of its border to the other in less than a day.

By car

Travelling by car will get you far, since the infrastructure in Belarus was well developed after World War II. Gasoline is relatively cheap by European standards; 1 liter of petrol costs 1.37 BYR (July 2018), with the price fixed by the government at all fuel stations on a daily basis. You can rent cars in Minsk at the airport or city from the major international rental chains or smaller local companies.

There are many taxi companies. Yandex Taxi, which can be accessed via its mobile app or the Uber mobile app, is the most popular and offers good prices if booked via the app.

By train

Travelling by train around the country will get you to a lot of desired destinations relatively cheap and fast. Timetables for all means of transport can be found here and for trains of course on the site of the Belarusian railway. Also, you will get a chance to capture a glimpse of Belarusian nature, as the forests and plains often start right on the edges of the cities. The country is mostly flat.

Train tickets can be bought in advance (usually 60 days in advance) on the Belarusian railway Web site. If your ticket includes an e-registration, you can print your ticket and directly board the train. If your ticket does not include the e-registration, you must first exchange it for another ticket at the station counter.

By bus

Inter-city buses are cheap, relatively comfortable and relatively punctual but may be more expensive and less comfortable than trains. Bus schedules can be found online here and here. Note that some buses sell out, so it is better book the tickets in advance. They can be purchased in bus stations.

By minibus

Little minibuses (known as a маршрутка, marshrutka), typically painted yellow, are generally cheaper than buses. Seats on inter-city ones can be reserved by phone or by walking up and paying cash.

Talk

See also: Belarusian phrasebook, Russian phrasebook

Belarusian and Russian are the two official languages. Both languages are part of the Slavic language family and are closely related, and there are many similarities between the two languages. Russian, in general, is more widely spoken by the population. According to the 2009 census, 53.2% of Belarusian residents considered Belarusian to be their native language and 23% predominantly speak it at home. Others speak Russian. It will be difficult to get by without some Russian or Belarusian.

Polish is spoken in the western parts, especially around Grodno. But most local Poles use their own dialect with Belarusian as the base and with only some Polish words and sounds.

English, on the other hand is not widely spoken in Belarus, but use is starting to increase. Younger people often speak some English, but older people rarely do.

See

The appeals of Belarus are little known to the average traveller, but the off the beaten track character of this unfamiliar country is exactly what makes it special to the ones that make it here. Much of the historic heritage was lost to World War II violence or to post-war communist planning, but there's more to see than one might expect at first glance. Take Minsk, the country's surprisingly modern yet fiercely Eastern European capital, bustling with nightclubs and modern restaurants but simultaneously a monument of Communist architecture and city development, as it had to be completely reconstructed after the war. It's home to the fine Belarus State Museum, Independence Square (where democratic protests make world news every so many years) and the former KGB Headquarters but also the humbling Zaslavsky Jewish Monument. Far more western is the border city of Brest, where you'll find the 19th-century Brest Fortress, the site of a long and severe Operation Barbarossa battle and a monument of the Soviet resistance against the Germans.

There are four World Heritage Sites to see, although one, the Struve Geodetic Arc which provided the basis for the first meridian measurement, offers little more than an inscription to see. Of more interest for visitors are the late medieval Mir Castle Complex and Nesvizh Castle. They are the best of the country's castles, but a few more can be found if you're interested. For a glance of 19th-century life, head to the Dudutki Open Air Museum. Situated near the sleepy, dusty village of Dudutki, this place brings traditional crafts such as carpentry, pottery, handicraft-making and baking to life in old-style wood-and-hay houses.

The fourth World Heritage Site is a natural one. The primeval Białowieża Forest covers part of Belarus and Poland, with the Belarus side known as Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park. Few foreign visitors make it there, but the park is home to European bison, goose and other wildlife, and there's a small museum. Other good picks for a natural experience are the Pripyat Reserve and the Braslau Lakes.

Do

Watch football ie soccer at FC Dinamo Minsk, who play in the Premier League, the top tier of Belarus football. Their home ground is Traktor Stadium, capacity 16,500, some 3 km southeast of city centre.

Buy

Money

The national currency is the New Belarusian Ruble, denoted as p (ISO code: BYN), also known as the "third ruble". The first post-Soviet ruble is debased x 1000 and basically worthless. The second (marked with 2000) is still exchangeable.

Exchange rates fluctuate. Check particularly the "spread", i.e. the difference between "buy" and "sell" for foreign currency.

Within Belarus, you can buy rubles (but seldom western currencies) from ATMs using western credit or debit cards. You can also change US dollars and euros into rubles and vice versa at exchange kiosks in Minsk airport, main railway stations and big city centres. Convert leftover cash before you leave, as changing rubles outside Belarus will be difficult and poor value, except in the bordering post-Soviet countries of Lithuania, Latvia and Moldova.

Exchange kiosks will not exchange notes that are damaged or marked, or may charge extra commission for doing so.

Most larger supermarkets, stores and hotels have credit card terminals, but smaller shops often do not. Visa and MasterCard are accepted, but American Express is not.

Shopping

Prices are typically much lower than in Western Europe, especially for supermarket food and the service industry.

The tipping situation is not particularly clear. You are not expected to tip in most situations, but in restaurants (especially higher-end), service charges may not be added to your bill; in that case, add around 10%.

Eat

In a nutshell: potatoes, pork, beef, bread.

If you are looking for a national gourmet meal - you are in the right place. Most of the products and ingredients are organic, and radiation levels are constantly checked in the food to avoid contamination.

Take fresh aurochs, and if you do not have any, you can use the elk instead. - From an 18th-century Belarusian cookbook

Modern Belarusian cookery is based on old national traditions, which have undergone a long historical evolution, with similarities to the Russian cuisine. But the main methods of traditional Belarusian cuisine are carefully maintained by the people.

Dishes made with potatoes, which are called "the second bread", are common in Belarus. The Belarusians bring fame to their beloved potato in their verses, songs and dances. There are special potato cafes in the country where you can try various potato dishes. Many salads include potatoes; they are served together with mushrooms and/or meat; different pirazhki (patties) and baked puddings are made from it. The most popular among the Belarusians is traditional draniki (known as "latkes" to North Americans, but eaten only with sour cream, never apple sauce), thick pancakes prepared from shredded potatoes. The wide spread of potato dishes in Belarusian cuisine can be explained by natural climatic conditions of Belarus which are propitious for growing highly starched and tasty sorts of potatoes.

Meat and meat products, especially pork and salted pork fat, play a major role in the diet of Belarusians. One of the people's proverbs says: "There is no fish more tasty than tench, and there is no meat better than pork". Salted pork fat is used slightly smoked and seasoned with onions and garlic. Pyachysta is one of the traditional holiday dishes. This is boiled, stewed or roasted sucking pig, fowl or large chunks of pork or beef. Dishes prepared from meat are usually served together with potatoes or vegetables such as carrots, cabbage, black radishes or peas. It is characteristic that many vegetable and meat dishes are prepared in special stoneware pots.

Among fish dishes, the Belarusians prefer yushka, galki and also baked or boiled river fish without special seasonings. In general, the most common seasonings are onions, garlic, parsley, dill, caraway seeds and pepper; they are used very moderately in Belarusian cookery. The national dishes are hearty and tasty nonetheless. Among the fruit and vegetable choices are fresh, dried, salted and pickled mushrooms, and berries such as bilberries, wild strawberries, red whortleberries, raspberries and cranberries. Of flour dishes, the most popular is zacirka. Pieces of specially prepared dough are boiled in water, and then milk is poured over them or they are garnished with salted pork fat. The Belarusians prefer to use whole milk, which affected some methods of making yoghurt and the so-called klinkovy cottage cheese. In Belarusian cuisine, milk is widely used for mixing in vegetable and flour dishes.

Signature dishes include draniki, Potato babka, knish, pyachysta and zacirka.

Foreign cuisine

There are several foreign chains in Belarus including McDonald's, KFC, and TGI Friday's. There are also French, Italian, and Asian restaurants. Pizza is a very popular dish at many restaurants.

Drink

Typical non-alcoholic drinks include kefir, which is a sort of sour milk, similar to yogurt, kvas and kompot.

Vodka (harelka), bitter herbal nastoikas (especially Belavezhskaja) and sweet balsams are the most common alcoholic drinks.

Krambambula is a traditional medieval alcoholic drink which you can buy in most stores or order in a restaurant. It's a pretty strong drink but its taste is much softer than vodka.

Medovukha (or myadukha) is a honey-based alcoholic beverage very similar to mead.

Sbiten is a combination of kvass, another common soft alcohol drink, with honey.

Berezavik or biarozavy sok is a birch tree sap which is collected in March from small holes in birch tree trunks with no harm to the plants themselves. There are several variations of this very refreshing alcohol-free drink, which is a good thirst-quencher in hot weather.

Sleep

Don't leave valuable items, such as computers, mobile phones, or wallets/cash in hotel rooms as there have been reports of thefts by housekeepers.

Learn

Russian language courses at the Belarus State Economic University and the Minsk State Linguistic University .

Stay safe

Belarus has a moderate level of crime. Fortunately, crimes against foreigners are rare, though criminals have been known to use force if met with resistance from victims. Common street crime, such as mugging and pickpocketing, occurs most frequently near public transportation venues, near hotels frequented by foreigners, and/or at night in poorly lit areas. In many areas, you should be especially alert in metro and bus stations, as criminals have a likely chance in attacking you.

Avoid visiting night clubs and discothèques, as these are operated by criminal gangs willing to search for greater money, but street-level organized criminal violence is rare and does not generally affect expatriates.

Cyber-crime of all kinds is well-developed in Belarus. Merchandise orders with fraudulent credit cards, ID theft, hacking, blackmail schemes, and Nigerian-style advanced fee fraud are gaining in popularity. If you are doing business with persons or firms in Belarus electronically, you should proceed with extreme caution. Not only is electronic fraud common at ATMs and grocery stores, serious injuries have been inflicted during assaults at street-side ATMs.

If you participate in a street demonstration with political banners, expect to be detained within minutes. How fast you get out (24 hours or 24 days) depends on your connections, your social status, etc. Westerners especially should avoid any political discussions, protests, etc., due to the government's keen opposition to dissenting views.

Belarus is still largely a discriminatory society. Gay and lesbian travellers face widespread discrimination in Belarus, as do Jews. If you are in any of these categories, exercise caution if you decide to travel to Belarus.

Many demonstrations can be identified by seeing a red and white banner: a white background, with a strip of red going horizontally across in the centre, forming a white/red/white flag. If you see this flag, do your best to stay away from the demonstration.

Avoid clapping your hands in public, as it is a gesture often used by opposition demonstrators to mock the government.

Security personnel may at times place you, as a foreigner, under surveillance; hotel rooms, telephones, and fax machines may be monitored, and personal possessions in hotel rooms may be searched. Taking photographs of anything that could be perceived as being of military or security interest may result in problems with authorities; these sites are not always clearly marked and the application of these restrictions is subject to interpretation.

Visible and hidden dangers exist, including potholes, unlighted or poorly lighted streets, inattentive and dark-clothed pedestrians walking on unlighted roads, drivers and pedestrians under the influence of alcohol, and disregard for traffic rules. Driving in winter is especially dangerous because of ice and snow. Drivers are urged to exercise caution at all times.

The KGB in Belarus has not changed its name since the days of the Soviet Union - it is still called the KGB, and its habits have probably not changed much either.

Some ethnic Polish journalists and journalists with Polish citizenship had hassles with the authorities (ranging from being refused entry to a dozen or so days in prison) during 2005. If you have a Polish sounding name, you had better have good evidence that you're not a journalist.

Belarus police organizations are well trained and professional, but severely restricted by an unreformed Soviet-era legal system, corruption, and politicization of the police force and other government authorities. Due to low salaries, it is not uncommon for officers to collect bribes during traffic stops. Sophisticated criminal investigations are often inconclusive because of a lack of resources and/or political will.

Belarusians are extremely clumsy drivers.

Toilets are very frequent in Belarus; however, they are usually neither free nor adapted to wheelchairs. Also note they rarely have available paper (except perhaps in touristy places such as museums), and are often squatting-style.

Stay healthy

Belarus had historically maintained an excellent healthcare system, but the aftermath of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster severely damaged the medical care system. Medical care in Belarus is as a result neither modern nor easily accessible, which is made even harder for those who do not speak fluent Russian or Belarussian. Ambulances are poorly equipped and unreliable; a wait time of 30 minutes or more is not unusual. The fastest way to secure Western European-level care is medical evacuation to the European Union.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an increasingly serious health concern in Belarus. Consider consulting with a doctor about getting vaccinated before traveling to Belarus.

The impact of the Chernobyl disaster on the food chain is an ongoing study. Food inspectors check food not only for bacterial contamination but also its radiation levels. Most food is considered safe, except if sourced from the banned regions within 50 km of the Chernobyl plant or the second hotspot around the intersection of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarussian borders.

Tap water is not safe for drinking. Buy bottled water.

Respect

Since Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian cultures are very close and thus share much in common, many of the same principles of behaviour that can be applied to Russians and Ukrainians are also applicable to the Belarus populace. For instance, when going out as a group, men are expected to pay for women regardless of whether or not they are in a romantic relationship.

Be sure to recognize the Belarusians as a nation in their own right. They are not Russians.

Connect

There are 3 major GSM providers in Belarus, all of which offer prepaid SIM cards for Internet access and phone calls.

MTS ^{[dead link]} - Has the best coverage
Velcom - Has good coverage
Life:) - Has the worst coverage of the 3 providers

You will need to show your passport at the point of purchase. All 3 service providers have plans geared for tourists that cost around 15 BYR and provide around 2GB of data, with more available for purchase at additional cost.

At places with free Wi-Fi, you will need to enter your cell phone number to receive a validation code via SMS.

This country travel guide to Belarus is an outline and may need more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. If there are Cities and Other destinations listed, they may not all be at usable status or there may not be a valid regional structure and a "Get in" section describing all of the typical ways to get here. Please plunge forward and help it grow!